Детский лейкоз и его лечение

Лейкемия в детстве

Лейкемия является наиболее распространенным раком у детей и подростков, на его долю приходится почти 1 из 3 случаев рака. Большинство детских лейкозов острый лимфолейкоз (ОЛЛ) и острый миелоидный лейкоз (ОМЛ). Хронические лейкозы у детей встречаются редко.

Детский острый миелоидный лейкоз

AML (acute myeloid leukaemia) is a blood and bone marrow malignancy that affects children. AML, also known as acute myelogenous leukaemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia, is a kind of leukaemia that affects the blood cells. Acute cancers usually progress swiftly if they are not treated. Chronic cancers typically worsen over time. Myeloid stem cells in AML normally grow into myeloblasts, a type of immature white blood cell (or myeloid blasts). In AML, the aberrant myeloblasts, or leukaemia cells, do not mature into healthy white blood cells. Leukemia cells can accumulate in the blood and bone marrow, making it difficult for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets to thrive. Infection, anaemia, and simple bleeding are all possible outcomes. Outside of the blood, leukaemia cells can travel to other regions of the body, such as the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), skin, and gums. Leukemia cells can sometimes produce a solid tumour termed a myeloid саркома. Granulocytic sarcoma, or chloroma, is another name for myeloid sarcoma.

Лечение острого миелоидного лейкоза

Химиотерапия большинства детей с острым миелолейкозом (ОМЛ) разделена на две фазы:

• индукционный
• Консолидация (интенсификация)

Детей с ОМЛ следует лечить в онкологических центрах или больницах, имеющих опыт лечения этого заболевания, в связи с интенсивностью лечения и возможностью серьезных последствий.

Индукционная химиотерапия у больных ОМЛ

Даунорубицин (дауномицин) и цитарабин (ara-C), которые вводят в течение нескольких дней подряд, являются наиболее часто используемыми химиопрепаратами для лечения ОМЛ. В зависимости от того, насколько интенсивным врачи хотят, чтобы лечение было, схема лечения может быть повторена через 10 дней или 2 недели. Более короткие интервалы лечения могут быть более эффективными для эрадикации лейкозных клеток, но они также могут привести к более серьезным побочным эффектам. As part of their induction treatment, some children with AML may get a dose of the targeted medication gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in addition to chemo. If the doctors believe the leukaemia will not react to just two chemo medications, they may add another chemo agent like etoposide or 6-thioguanine to the mix. This group includes children who have a high number of white blood cells or whose leukaemia cells have particular genetic defects. The chemo medicines are given again and again until the bone marrow reveals no more leukaemia cells. This usually happens after two or three therapy cycles. Most children with AML will also get intrathecal chemotherapy (chemotherapy delivered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) to help prevent leukaemia from relapsing in the brain or spinal cord. The use of brain radiation therapy is becoming less common. After induction therapy, between 85 percent to 90 percent of children with AML go into remission. This indicates that no symptoms of leukaemia have been identified using normal lab tests, but it does not necessarily imply that the leukaemia has been healed.

Консолидация

After the induction phase, the consolidation (intensification) phase begins. The goal is to use a more aggressive treatment to kill any remaining leukaemia cells. Some youngsters have a sibling who would be a suitable stem cell donor. Once the leukaemia is in remission, a stem cell transplant may be advised for these children, especially if the AML has some unfavourable prognostic markers. Most studies have shown that while this improves long-term survival over chemotherapy alone, it also increases the risk of significant consequences. Some clinicians may propose only delivering aggressive chemotherapy to youngsters with good prognostic criteria, and saving the stem cell transplant until if the AML relapses. Consolidation consists of heavy doses of the chemo medication cytarabine (ara-C) for most children who do not have a good stem cell donor. It’s also possible to use daunorubicin. It is normally given for a period of at least a few months. If the targeted medicine gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) was given during induction, it will almost certainly be given again during this stage of treatment. For as long as intensification continues, intrathecal chemo (into the CSF) is normally given every 1 to 2 months. Children with AML do not require maintenance chemotherapy (other than those with APL). Supportive care is a key element of AML treatment (proper nursing care, nutritional support, antibiotics, and blood transfusions). The aggressive therapy for AML frequently destroys much of the bone marrow, resulting in significant blood cell shortages, as well as other catastrophic consequences. The current high remission rates would not be conceivable without antibiotic treatment of infections or transfusion assistance.

Детский острый лимфобластный лейкоз (ОЛЛ)

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children (also known as ALL or acute lymphocytic leukaemia) is a blood and bone marrow malignancy. If left untreated, this type of cancer usually worsens swiftly. Too many stem cells turn into lymphoblasts, B lymphocytes, or T lymphocytes in a child with ALL. Leukemia cells are another name for these cells. These leukaemia cells do not function like normal lymphocytes and are unable to effectively fight infection. In addition, when the number of leukaemia cells in the blood and bone marrow rises, there is less room in the blood and bone marrow for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Infection, anaemia, and simple bleeding are all possible outcomes.

Лечение детского острого лимфобластного лейкоза

Дети с острым лимфобластным лейкозом могут получать различные виды лечения (ОЛЛ). Некоторые методы лечения являются общепринятыми (уже используются), в то время как другие проходят клинические испытания. Клиническое испытание лечения — это научное исследование, целью которого является помочь пациентам с раком улучшить существующие методы лечения или узнать больше о потенциальных методах лечения. Когда клинические исследования докажут, что новый метод лечения превосходит текущий стандарт, новый метод лечения может быть принят в качестве стандарта.

Доступны четыре различных типа лечения

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that involves administering chemicals to cancer cells in order to limit their growth, either by killing them or preventing them from growing. Chemotherapy medications enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells all throughout the body when taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle (systemic chemotherapy). Chemotherapy that is administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal), an organ, or a bodily cavity such as the abdomen targets cancer cells primarily in specific regions (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that involves the use of multiple anticancer drugs. The method of chemotherapy administration is determined by the child’s risk group. Anticancer medications are given in higher doses to children with high-risk ALL than to those with standard-risk ALL. Childhood ALL that has spread or may spread to the brain and spinal cord is treated with intrathecal chemotherapy.

Лучевая терапия во ВСЕХ

Лучевая терапия – это лечение рака, при котором используется высокоэнергетическое излучение. рентгеновские лучи or other forms of radiation to kill or stop cancer cells from developing. External radiation therapy involves sending radiation from a machine outside the body to the cancerous spot. Childhood BCE Если заболевание распространилось на головной, спинной мозг или яички, его можно лечить внешней лучевой терапией. Его также можно использовать для подготовки костного мозга к трансплантации стволовых клеток.

Химиотерапия с трансплантацией стволовых клеток

Chemotherapy is a treatment that is used to kill cancer cells. Total-body irradiation is used in conjunction with chemotherapy in children aged 3 and up. The cancer treatment also kills healthy cells, including blood-forming cells. A stem cell transplant is a procedure that replaces blood-forming cells in the body. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are extracted from a donor’s blood or bone marrow, frozen, and stored. The stored stem cells are thawed and delivered to the patient via an infusion after the patient has completed chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These stem cells develop into (and replenish) blood cells in the body. For children and adolescents with ALL, stem cell transplantation is rarely used as a first-line treatment. It’s being utilized increasingly frequently as part of relapse treatment for ALL.

Целевая терапия

Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do. There are different types of targeted therapy: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs) therapy: This treatment blocks the enzyme, tyrosine kinase, that causes stem cells to develop into more white blood cells than the body needs. Imatinib mesylate and dasatinib are TKIs used in the treatment of children with Philadelphia chromosome–positive ALL. Ruxolitinib is a TKI that is being studied in the treatment of newly diagnosed high-risk ALL. Monoclonal antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies are immune system proteins made in the laboratory to treat many diseases, including cancer. As a cancer treatment, these antibodies can attach to a specific target on cancer cells or other cells that may help cancer cells grow. The antibodies are then able to kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion. They may be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to cancer cells. Blinatumomab and inotuzumab are monoclonal antibodies being studied in the treatment of refractory childhood ALL. Blinatumomab is also being studied in the treatment of standard-risk ALL.

CAR Т-клеточная терапия

Иммунная система используется для борьбы с раком в CAR Т-клеточная терапия, новый и новаторский способ лечения острого лимфобластного лейкоза (ОЛЛ). При этом лечении Т-клетки берутся из крови пациента и генетически изменяются для производства химерных антигенных рецепторов (CAR). Эти CAR помогают Т-клеткам находить и атаковать раковые клетки, на поверхности которых есть определенные маркеры. При возвращении в организм пациента эти сконструированные Т-клетки растут и очень точно атакуют раковые клетки, что часто приводит к ремиссии. Лечение CAR Т-клетками имеет большой потенциал, но может иметь такие проблемы, как синдром высвобождения цитокинов и нейротоксичность. Это показывает, насколько важно продолжать исследования и улучшать его.

Вы можете прочитать: CAR Т-клеточная терапия в Китае

Могут ли дети с лейкемией передаваться другим братьям и сестрам?

У некоторых детей есть брат или сестра, которые могли бы стать подходящим донором стволовых клеток. Когда лейкемия находится в стадии ремиссии, этим детям можно рекомендовать трансплантацию стволовых клеток, особенно если ОМЛ имеет некоторые неблагоприятные прогностические маркеры. Большинство исследований показали, что, хотя это улучшает долгосрочную выживаемость по сравнению с одной только химиотерапией, это также увеличивает риск серьезных последствий. Некоторые врачи могут предложить проводить агрессивную химиотерапию только детям с хорошими прогностическими критериями и сохранять трансплантацию стволовых клеток до тех пор, пока не произойдет рецидив ОМЛ.

Вы можете прочитать: Стоимость CAR T-Cell терапии в Китае

Почему стоит выбрать нас?

Our ability to completely comprehend the biology of your child’s cancer is one of our greatest assets and sets us apart from most paediatric leukaemia programmes. We have the tools, experience, and resources to investigate the roots of your child’s illness down to the most fundamental molecules, thanks to a strong partnership between our paediatric leukaemia clinicians and researchers, the Department of Pathology, and the Pediatric Translational Medicine Program. Our staff evaluates your child’s cancer to check if there are any genetic alterations present. The results of these tests can assist us in determining the most effective treatment. We are convinced that our paediatric haematology department, which has more than 20 years of expertise treating young leukaemia cases, will handle this case and ensure that the patient is in complete remission as soon as possible. Our clinical genetics experts can help you and your family understand how genetics plays a role in your child’s leukaemia and whether any genetic alterations may affect other family members. We’ll be there for you every step of the way, from the initial consultation to the follow-up care. We provide the direction and assistance you and your family require.