Umdlavuza we-yegilo

Uyini umdlavuza wegilo?

Kumangqamuzana egilo, indlala emise okwemvemvane phansi komgogodla wakho, ngaphansi nje kwe-apula lika-Adam wakho, kuba nomdlavuza wegilo. Amahomoni alawula izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo yakho, umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushisa lomzimba nesisindo akhishwa indlala yegilo yakho.

Umdlavuza wegilo kungenzeka ungabangeli zimpawu ekuqaleni. Kodwa kungabangela ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala entanyeni yakho njengoba ikhula. Izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza wegilo zenzeka. Ezinye zanda kancane kakhulu kanti ezinye zingase zibe nolaka kakhulu. Ngokwelashwa, izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza wegilo zingelapheka.

Kubonakala sengathi amazinga omdlavuza wegilo ayakhuphuka. Abanye odokotela bathi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe besimanje bubasiza ukuba babone umdlavuza wegilo owawungatholakali esikhathini esidlule.

Ziyini izimpawu zomdlavuza wegilo?

Imvamisa, umdlavuza we-thyroid awubangeli zimpawu noma izimpawu ekuqaleni kokugula. Njengoba umdlavuza wegilo ukhula, ungadala:

• Isigaxa esingazwakala esikhunjeni entanyeni yakho
• Izinguquko ezwini lakho, kufaka phakathi ukukhuphuka okunyukayo
• Kunzima ukugwinya
• Ubuhlungu entanyeni yakho nasemphinjeni
• I-lymph nodes evuvukile entanyeni yakho

Yiziphi izinhlobo zomdlavuza wegilo?

Ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni zamaseli akhona esimila, umdlavuza wegilo uhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba. Uma isampula lesicubu somdlavuza wakho kufundwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, ifomu lakho liyanqunywa. Ekunqumeni isimo kanye ne-prognosis, uhlobo lomdlavuza we-thyroid lucatshangelwa.

Izinhlobo zomdlavuza wegilo zihlanganisa:

• Umdlavuza we-Papillary thyroid: Umdlavuza we-Papillary thyroid, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza we-thyroid, uvela kumaseli alandelanayo aqukethe futhi agcine amahomoni e-thyroid. Kungaba nomdlavuza wegilo we-papillary nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kepha uvame ukuthinta kakhulu abantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-30 nengama-50. Umdlavuza we-Papillary thyroid nomdlavuza we-follicular uvame ukubizwa ndawonye odokotela njengomdlavuza we-thyroid ohlukile.
• Umdlavuza we-thyroid olandelayo: Umdlavuza we-thyroid olandelayo uvela kumaseli we-thyroid. Ngokuvamile kuthinta abantu abadala kuneminyaka engama-50 ubudala. Umdlavuza we-Hurthle cell wuhlobo lomdlavuza we-thyroid ongavamile futhi ongahle ube nolaka ngokwengeziwe.
• Umdlavuza wegilo we-Anaplastic: Uhlobo olungajwayelekile lomdlavuza wegilo oluqala kumaseli alandelanayo ngumdlavuza wegilo we-anaplastic. Sikhula ngokushesha futhi kunzima ukusiphatha. Imvamisa, umdlavuza wegilo we-anaplastic kwenzeka kubantu abaneminyaka engama-60 nangaphezulu.
• Umdlavuza we-thyroid we-medullary: Emangqamuzaneni e-thyroid abizwa ngama-C cell, enza i-hormone i-calcitonin, umdlavuza wegilo we-medullary uqala. Esikhathini sokuqala kakhulu, amazinga aphezulu e-calcitonin egazini angaphakamisa umdlavuza we-thyroid we-medullary. Ingozi yomdlavuza we-thyroid we-medullary inyuswa ngamanye ama-syndromes ezakhi zofuzo, yize lobu buhlobo bezakhi zofuzo bungajwayelekile.
• Ezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile: Indlala lymphoma, eqala kumaseli omzimba omzimba wegilo, ne-thyroid sarcoma, eqala kumaseli wezicubu ezixhumanayo, ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezingavamile kakhulu eziqala ku-thyroid.

Ziyini izinto eziyingozi zomdlavuza wegilo?

Izici ezingakhuphula ingozi yomdlavuza wegilo zifaka:

• Ubulili besifazane: Okuvamile kakhulu kwabesifazane bese kuba amadoda.
• Ukuvezwa emazingeni aphezulu emisebe: Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ekhanda nasentanyeni kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wegilo.
• Amanye ama-syndromes ezakhi zofuzo: Umdlavuza womndeni we-medullary thyroid, i-endocrine neoplasia eminingi, i-Cowden's syndrome kanye ne-familia adenomatous polyposis ifaka ama-syndromes ezakhi zofuzo akhulisa ubungozi bomdlavuza wegilo.

Sifo

Ukuhlolwa nezinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuxilonga umdlavuza wegilo zifaka:

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba: Ukuze uzwe ushintsho lomzimba ku-thyroid yakho, njengamaqhubu e-thyroid, udokotela wakho uzohlola umphimbo wakho. Angase futhi abuze ngezinto ezinobungozi kuwe, njengokuvezwa kwemisebe kwangaphambilini kanye nomlando womndeni wamathumba wegilo.
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kusiza ekutholeni ukuthi ngabe indlala yegilo isebenza ngokujwayelekile.
• Ukucabanga kwe-Ultrasound: Ukuze kukhiqizwe izethulo zezakhiwo zomzimba, i-ultrasound isebenzisa amagagasi omsindo aphakeme kakhulu. I-transducer ye-ultrasound ifakwa entanyeni yakho engezansi ukukhiqiza isithombe sendlala yegilo. Ukuba khona kwe-thyroid thyroid yakho kuvumela udokotela wakho anqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-nodule ye-thyroid ayinomdlavuza (benign) noma uma kungenzeka ukuthi ingaba nomdlavuza.
• Ukususa isampula lezicubu ze-thyroid: Udokotela wakho unamathisela inaliti ende ezacile esikhunjeni nasezinduneni ze-thyroid ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwenaliti elungile. Ukucabanga kwe-Ultrasound kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa inaliti ngokusebenzisa i-nodule ngokunemba. Inaliti isetshenziswa ngudokotela wakho ukukhipha amasampula ezicubu ze-thyroid ezisolisayo. Elabhorethri, isampuli iyahlaziywa ukubheka amaseli womdlavuza.
• Okunye ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging: Ukusiza udokotela wakho anqume ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele ngaphesheya kwe-thyroid, ungahle ube nokuhlolwa okukodwa noma okuningi. I-CT, i-MRI kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-imaging yenukliya okusebenzisa umthombo okhipha imisebe we-iodine kungafaka ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging.
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo: Izinguquko zofuzo ezingahlotshaniswa neminye imidlavuza ye-endocrine zingenzeka kwabanye abantu abanomdlavuza we-thyroid we-medullary. Umlando wakho womndeni ungenza udokotela wakho ukuthi afune izakhi zofuzo ezandisa ingozi yomdlavuza ngokuphakamisa ukuhlolwa kofuzo.

Prevention

Azikho izici ezicacile zobungozi kubantu abaningi abanomdlavuza we-thyroid, kepha izimo eziningi zalesi sifo azikwazi ukugwenywa. Kungenzeka ukwenza ukuhlolwa kofuzo ukucinga ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kumdlavuza we-thyroid we-medullary medullary (MTC). Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokususa indlala yegilo, izimo eziningi zomndeni ze-MTC zingagwenywa noma ziphathwe kusenesikhathi. Amanye amalungu omndeni angahlolwa i-gene eguquliwe kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ukuphazamiseka emndenini.

I-Turmeric ibonakala inemiphumela enenzuzo ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza we-thyroid. 

Yiziphi izinketho zokwelashwa kumdlavuza we-thyroid?

Ukuhlinzwa

Ukuze kukhishwe indlala yegilo, abantu abaningi abanomdlavuza wegilo bayahlinzwa. Kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lomdlavuza wegilo, ubukhulu bomdlavuza, uma umdlavuza usudlulele ngale kwendlala yegilo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound yayo yonke indlala yegilo, lokho udokotela angase akunikeze.

Imisebenzi esetshenziselwa ukunakekelwa komdlavuza we-thyroid ihlanganisa:

• Ukususa yonke noma iningi le-thyroid (thyroidectomy): Ukususwa kwazo zonke izicubu ze-thyroid (inani eliphelele le-thyroidectomy) noma izicubu eziningi ze-thyroid kungadinga ukuhlinzwa ukuze kususwe indlala yegilo (cishe i-thyroidectomy eseduze). Ukunciphisa ubungozi bokulimala kwezindlala ze-parathyroid, ezisiza ukulawula amazinga e-calcium egazini lakho, udokotela ohlinzayo ushiya nezinsimbi ezincane zezicubu ze-thyroid ezizungeze izindlala ze-parathyroid.
• Ukususa ingxenye yegilo (i-thyroid lobectomy): Udokotela ohlinzayo ukhipha uhhafu wegilo ngesikhathi se-lobectomy yegilo. Uma unomdlavuza we-thyroid okhula kancane esifundeni esisodwa se-thyroid futhi ungenamaqhubu angajwayelekile kwezinye izingxenye ze-thyroid, kungaphakanyiswa.
• Ukususa ama-lymph node entanyeni (i-lymph node dissection): Udokotela ohlinzayo angakhipha futhi ama-lymph node aseduzane entanyeni lapho ekhipha i-thyroid. Kungenzeka ukuzihlola lezi zimpawu zomdlavuza.

Ukuhlinza indlala yegilo kunengozi yokopha nokungenwa izifo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ukulimala kwezindlala ze-parathyroid nakho kungenzeka, okungaholela emazingeni aphansi e-calcium emzimbeni wakho.

Kukhona futhi ukuthi ngemva kokuhlinzwa, izinzwa ezixhunywe ezintambo zezwi azikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile, okungase kubangele ukukhubazeka kwentambo yezwi, ukuhogela, izinguquko ekukhulumeni noma ubunzima bokuphefumula. Ukwelashwa kungakhuphula izinkinga zezinzwa noma kuzihlehlise.

Ukwelashwa kwehomoni yegilo

Ungathatha isidakamizwa se-hormone yegilo i-levothyroxine (i-Levoxyl, i-Synthroid, ezinye impilo yonke ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-thyroid.

Lesi sidakamizwa sinezinzuzo ezimbili: sihlinzeka nge-hormone elahlekile indlala yakho yegilo ngokuvamile ezoyikhiqiza futhi icindezele ukukhiqizwa kwe-pituitary gland yakho ye-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Ngokunokwenzeka, amazinga aphezulu e-TSH angakhuthaza noma yimaphi amaseli omdlavuza asele ukuthi ande.

Iodine enemisebe

Ukwelashwa nge-iodine enemisebe kudinga imithamo emikhulu yomthombo we-iodine enemisebe.

Ukuze kubulawe noma yiziphi izicubu ze-thyroid ezisele ezinempilo, kanye nezindawo ezincane kakhulu zomdlavuza wegilo ezingazange zikhishwe ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa nge-iodine ekhipha imisebe nakho kusetshenziswa ngemva kwe-thyroidectomy. Umdlavuza wegilo obuya ngemva kokwelashwa noma ususabalele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba nawo ungelashwa ngokwelashwa kwe-iodine enemisebe.

Ukwelashwa nge-iodine enemisebe kuza njengekhepisi noma uketshezi olugwinya. Amangqamuzana egilo kanye namaseli omdlavuza wegilo ikakhulukazi athatha i-iodine enemisebe, kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi amanye amangqamuzana emzimbeni alinyazwe.

Imiphumela engemihle ingase ihlanganise:

• Umlomo omile
• Ubuhlungu bomlomo
• Ukuvuvukala kwamehlo
• Umqondo oguqukile wokunambitha noma wokuhogela
• Ukukhathala

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala ngemuva kokwelashwa, inqwaba ye-iodine enemisebe iphuma emzimbeni wakho emchameni wakho. Ukuvikela abanye abantu emisebeni, uzonikezwa imiyalo yokuqapha okudingeka uyithathe ngaleso sikhathi. Ungacelwa, isibonelo, ukugwema okwesikhashana ukuxhumana okuseduze nabanye abantu, ikakhulukazi izingane nabesifazane abakhulelwe.

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kungenziwa ngaphandle kusetshenziswa uhlelo olugxilisa imishayo enamandla amakhulu ezindaweni ezithile emzimbeni, njengama-X-ray nama-proton (ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-beam yangaphandle). Ulala unganyakazi phezu kwetafula ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kuyilapho ikhompuyutha isebenza eduze kwakho.

Uma ukuhlinzwa kungeyona inketho futhi umdlavuza uqhubeka nokuba khona ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-iodine enemisebe, ukwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphandle kungase kunconywe. Uma kunethuba eliphakeme lokuthi umdlavuza uzophinde uvele, ukwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kunganqunywa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

I-Chemotherapy emdlavuzeni wegilo

I-Chemotherapy iwukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali. Ngokuvamile, i-chemotherapy inikezwa nge-vein njengendlela yokumnika. Amakhemikhali ahamba emzimbeni wakho wonke, ebulala amangqamuzana, kuhlanganise namangqamuzana omdlavuza, akhula ngokushesha.

Ekwelapheni umdlavuza wegilo, i-chemotherapy ayisetshenziswa kakhulu, nakuba ivame ukunikezwa abantu abanomdlavuza we-anaplastic thyroid. Kungase kudingeke ukuhlanganisa ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Imithi yokwelashwa ehlosiwe

Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe kugxile ekuguqukeni okuthile kumaseli omdlavuza akhona. Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe kungabangela ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza afe ngokuvimba lezi zinto ezingavamile.

Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe komdlavuza wegilo kubhekana nezimpawu ezitshela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi akhule futhi ahlukane. Ngokuvamile, isetshenziselwa umdlavuza we-thyroid osezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukujova utshwala kumdlavuza

Ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa kahle komjovo, ukwehliswa kotshwala kubandakanya ukufaka imijovo emincane yomdlavuza we-thyroid ngotshwala usebenzisa izithombe ezifana ne-ultrasound. Lokhu kwelashwa kubangela ukuthi umdlavuza wegilo unciphe. Uma umdlavuza wakho mncane kakhulu, futhi ukuhlinzwa kungeyona inketho, ukwehliswa kotshwala kungaba yindlela. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukulandela ukwelashwa ukwelapha umdlavuza ophindayo kuma-lymph node.