Umdlavuza wesibeletho

Uyini umdlavuza webele?

Ulwazi olubalulekile ngomdlavuza webele

• Umdlavuza webele ungomunye wemidlavuza evame kakhulu kwabesifazane kanti izigameko eziningi zenzeka kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-50. Emazweni athuthukile cishe owesifazane oyedwa kwabayisishiyagalombili uba nomdlavuza webele esikhathini esithile sokuphila kwabo.
• Umdlavuza webele uvela engqamuzaneni elinomdlavuza elikhula olwelweni lomgudu wobisi noma i-milk gland lobule kwelinye lamabele.
• Uma ubona noma isiphi isigaxa noma ushintsho ebeleni lakho elijwayelekile kufanele ubone udokotela ngokushesha.
• Uma umdlavuza webele utholakala kusenesikhathi maningi amathuba okuthi welapheke.

Izinhlobo zomdlavuza webele

Ngokuvamile umdlavuza webele uhlukaniswe waba:

• I-Non-invasive kanye ne-carcinoma in situ. 1) Abanye abantu baxilongwa lapho amangqamuzana omdlavuza esengaphakathi komgudu/lobule ngokuphelele. Lezi zibizwa nge-carcinoma in situ njengoba awekho amaseli omdlavuza akhule aphuma endaweni yokuqala. 2) I-Ductal carcinoma in situ / DCIS uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza webele ongahlaseli.
• I-Invasive Cancer: 1) Iningi lomdlavuza wamabele litholakala lapho isimila sesikhule sisuka ngaphakathi komgudu noma i-lobule singena esicutshini sebele esizungezile. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza wamabele ohlaselayo. 2) Imidlavuza yebele ehlaselayo nayo ihlukaniswe yaba yileyo lapho amangqamuzana omdlavuza engene egazini lendawo noma imithambo ye-lymphatic naleyo engazange ingene.

Izigaba zomdlavuza webele

• Lokhu akuchazi uhlobo lomdlavuza kepha kuchaza ukuthi usukhule kangakanani umdlavuza nokuthi ususabalele yini.
• Ngokuvamile isigaba sokuqala sikhulu amathuba okuthola ukwelashwa.

Umdlavuza webele Izimbangela

• Isigaxa somdlavuza siqala kusuka esitokisini esisodwa esiswini bese siphindaphindeka "singalawuleki".
• Isizathu ngqo sokuthi kungani iseli liba nomdlavuza asicaci.

Izici zengozi

Nakuba umdlavuza webele ungakhula ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile, kunezici ezithile “eziyingozi” ezikhulisa amathuba okuthi umdlavuza webele uthuthuke.

Ukuguga : Ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza webele icishe iphindwe kabili kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-10 ubudala.

Lapho uhlala khona : Izinga lomdlavuza webele liyahlukahluka phakathi kwamazwe, mhlawumbe ngenxa yemvelo.

Umlando womndeni : Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma unezihlobo eziseduze ezinomdlavuza webele noma ezike zaba nawo.

Ukungabi nazingane noma uma ngabe waba nengane yakho yokuqala ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Isigaba sokuqala sezikhathi zokuqala.

Ukuba nokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini ngaphezulu kweminyaka yobudala engama-55.

Ukuthatha i-HRT (iHormone Replacement Therapy) iminyaka eminingana kuholela engcupheni eyanda kancane.

Yiba namabele aminyene.

Umlando owedlule wezifo ezithile zesifuba ezinobungozi.

Izici zendlela yokuphila : ukuzivocavoca okuncane, ukukhuluphala ngemva kokuya esikhathini, utshwala obuningi.

Umlando womndeni nokuhlolwa kofuzo

• Cishe izigameko ezingu-102 kwezingu-20 zomdlavuza webele zibangelwa 'ufuzo olungalungile' olungazuzwa njengefa.
• Umdlavuza webele ohlotshaniswa nesakhi sofuzo esinephutha ngokuvamile uhlasela abesifazane abaseminyakeni yawo-30 kuya kwengama-40.
• Izakhi zofuzo i-BRCA1 ne-BRCA2 yizakhi zofuzo ezivamile ezinamaphutha.
• Uma unokunye kwalokhu okulandelayo emndenini wakho, ungahle uthande ukubona udokotela wakho.
• Izihlobo ezintathu ezisondelene zegazi ezaba nomdlavuza webele noma wesibeletho kunoma yisiphi isigaba.
• Izihlobo ezimbili eziseduze ezaba nomdlavuza webele noma wesibeletho ongaphansi kweminyaka engama-60.
• Isihlobo esiseduze, esineminyaka engaphansi kuka-40, esinomdlavuza webele.
• Icala lomdlavuza webele esihlotsheni sowesilisa.
• Isihlobo esinomdlavuza emabeleni womabili.

Izimpawu zomdlavuza webele

Izimpawu zokuqala ezijwayelekile yisigaxa esingenaphini esifubeni.

Qaphela:

• Izigaxa eziningi zamabele azinomdlavuza.
• Izigaxa eziningi zamabele zingama-cysts agcwele uketshezi noma ama-fibroadenomas, anobungozi.
• Kodwa-ke, kufanele uhlale ubona udokotela uma kuqubuka isigaxa njengoba isigaxa sesifuba singaba nomdlavuza.

Ezinye izimpawu

Ezinye izimpawu ezingabonwa ebeleni elithintekile zifaka:

• Izinguquko osayizi noma ukuma kwesifuba.
• Dimpimg noma ukuqina kwesikhumba engxenyeni yesifuba.
• Ingono iyajika noma ihoxiswe.
• Imvamisa, ukuphuma kwengono kwenzeka (Okungahle kube negazi).
• Uhlobo olungavamile lomdlavuza webele lubangela ukuqubuka okuzungeze ingono okungabukeka kufana ne-eczema encane.
• Akuvamile, buhlungu isifuba.

Indawo yokuqala umdlavuza webele ovame ukusabalala kuwo yi-lymph nodes (izindlala) ekhwapheni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ungaqala ukuvuvukala noma isigaxa ekhwapheni. Uma umdlavuza usakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba lapho izimpawu zingavela.

Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza webele

Ukuhlola kokuqala 

• Uma uba nesigaxa noma izimpawu okungenzeka kube umdlavuza webele, udokotela uvame ukuhlola amabele akho kanye nemakhwapheni ukubheka noma yiziphi izigaxa noma olunye ushintsho.
• Imvamisa uzodluliselwa kuchwepheshe.
• Kwesinye isikhathi kuhlelwa i-biopsy yesigaxa se-obvoius, kepha okunye ukuhlolwa kungenziwa kuqala okufana nalokhu:
• I-Digital Mammogram: Le yi-x-ray ekhethekile yesicubu sebele engathola ushintsho ebunzimeni bezicubu zamabele ezingakhombisa izicubu.
• Iskena se-Ultrasound sesifuba.
• Ukuhlolwa kwesifuba kwe-MRI: Lokhu kwenziwa kakhulu kwabesifazane abasebasha, ikakhulukazi labo abanomlando oqinile womndeni womdlavuza webele.

I-Biopsy ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa

• I-biopsy yisampula elincane lezicubu ezisuswa engxenyeni yomzimba.
• Isampuli ihlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukubheka amaseli angajwayelekile.
• Uchwepheshe angathatha i-biopsy ngenaliti efakwa esigaxeni amanye amaseli ahoxiswe (i-FNAC-Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology).
• Kwesinye isikhathi udokotela angaqondiswa ukuthi uyifaka kuphi inaliti ngosizo lwe-mammogram noma i-ultrasound scan.
• Kwesinye isikhathi kudingeka umsebenzi omncane ukuthola isampula ye-biopsy.
• Isampula ye-biopsy ingaqinisekisa noma inqume umdlavuza webele. Futhi amaseli wesimila angahlolwa futhi ahlolwe ukuthola izinga lawo kanye ne-receptor.

Ukuhlola ubukhulu nokusabalala (Isiteji)

• Uma uqinisekisiwe ukuthi unomdlavuza webele, okunye ukuhlolwa kungadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ususakazekile yini.
• Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukuskena kwe-ultrasound kwesibindi, isifuba, i-X-ray, ukuskena kwamathambo noma ezinye izinhlobo zokuskena. Lokhu kuhlola kubizwa ngokuthi 'ukuhlelwa komdlavuza'.

Inhloso yesiteji ukuthola:

• Sikhule kangakanani isimila, uma umdlavuza ususabalele kwi-lymph node yendawo ekhwapheni noma kwezinye izindawo zomzimba.
• Izinga lamaseli kanye nesimo sokwamukela umdlavuza kusiza odokotela ukweluleka ngezindlela ezingcono zokwelashwa.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza webele

Izinketho zokwelapha ezingase zicatshangelwe zihlanganisa ukuhlinzwa, i-chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy kanye nokwelashwa ngamahomoni. Ukwelashwa okukhethiwe kuncike kulokhu:

Umdlavuza uqobo: 

• Usayizi wayo nesiteji (Noma ngabe sisakazekile)
• Izinga lamaseli womdlavuza
• Noma ngabe iyaphendula nge-hormone noma iveza ama-HER2 receptors.

Abesifazane abanomdlavuza

• Iminyaka yakhe
• Ukuthi unayo noma cha
  kufinyelelwe esikhathini
• Impilo yakhe ejwayelekile kanye nezintandokazi zakhe zokwelashwa

Ukuhlinzwa Kwesifuba

Uhlobo lokuhlinzwa komdlavuza webele olungacatshangelwa yilo:

• Ukuhlinza ukulondolozwa kwesifuba noma ukugcinwa komzimba: Lokhu kuyindlela yamanje futhi kuvame ukuphakanyiswa uma isimila singesikhulu kakhulu.
• “I-Lumpectomy” (noma ukusikwa okubanzi kwendawo) luhlobo olulodwa lokuhlinzwa lapho kususwa isimila kuphela kanye nezinye izicubu zamabele ezizungezile.
• Kujwayelekile ukuthi kwenziwe i-radiotherapy ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlinzwa
• Lokhu kuhlose ukubulala noma yimaphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele esikhunjeni sebele.

Ukususwa kwesifuba esithintekile (i-mastectomy)

• Lokhu kungadingeka uma kukhona isimila sesimila maphakathi nebele.
• Uma kuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi kuhlinzwe ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesifuba ukudala isifuba esisha kulandela i-mastectomy.
• Lokhu kungenziwa kaningi ngasikhathi sinye njenge-mastectomy, noma kungenziwa futhi emuva kwesikhathi.
• Noma ngabe kwenziwa ini, kujwayelekile ukukhipha eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-lymph node int he armpit. La ma-lymph node kulapho umdlavuza webele uvame ukusabalala khona.
• Ama-lymph node asusiwe ayahlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukubona ukuthi aqukethe yini amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
• Lokhu kusiza ukuhlenga lesi sifo ngokunembile futhi kusize ukuqondisa uchwepheshe ukuthi iluphi usizo lokweluleka ngokuhlinzwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.
• Ngenye indlela, kungenziwa i-sentinel lymph node biopsy okuyindlela yokuhlola ukuthi ngabe ama-lymph node amakhulu adonsa isifuba aqukethe umdlavuza, uma kucacile ukuthi ama-lymph node asele ekhwapheni ngeke asuswe.

Ukwelashwa kabusha

• I-Radiotherapy iyindlela yokwelapha esebenzisa imishayo yamandla aphezulu emisebe egxile ezicutshini ezinomdlavuza.
• Lokhu kubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma kumise amangqamuzana omdlavuza ekuphindaphindeni. Ngomdlavuza webele, i-radiotherapy isetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphezu kokuhlinzwa.
• Kusetshenziswa amasu amasha we-radiotherapy anciphisa ubuthi nesikhathi sokwelashwa.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

• I-Chemotherapy iwukwelapha umdlavuza ngokusebenzisa imishanguzo eqeda umdlavuza ebulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza, noma ukuwavimba ukuthi angaphindaphindeki.
• Lapho i-chemotherapy isetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa yaziwa ngokuthi 'i-adjuvant chemotherapy'.
• I-Chemotherapy kwesinye isikhathi inikezwa ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa ukuze kuncishiswe isimila ukuze ukuhlinzwa kube nethuba elingcono lokuphumelela futhi kwenziwe nokusebenza okuncane. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi 'neoadjuvant chemotherapy'.
• Kwenziwa izivivinyo ezintsha zofuzo ukusiza odokotela ukuthi banqume ukuthi ibaphi abesifazane abazozuza kakhulu ekhemotherapy.
• I-Chemotherapy nayo ingasetshenziselwa abanye besifazane ukwelapha umdlavuza webele osusabalele nakwezinye izindawo zomzimba.

Ukwelashwa kweHormone

• Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza webele ziyathinteka yi-hormone yabesifazane i-estrogen (futhi kwesinye isikhathi neprogesterone).
• La mahomoni akhuthaza amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi ahlukane futhi ande
• Ukwelashwa okunciphisa izinga lala mahomoni noma okuwavimbela ukuthi asebenze kuvame ukusetshenziswa kubantu abanomdlavuza webele.
• Lokhu kwelashwa kwama-hormone kusebenza kahle kwabesifazane abanomdlavuza webele 'ophendulayo'.
• Ukwelashwa kweHormone kufaka phakathi

Ama-block block e-Estrogen 

• I-Tamoxifen itholakale iminyaka eminingi futhi isasetshenziswa kabanzi.
• Isebenza ngokuvimba i-estrogen ekusebenzeni kumaseli. Kuvame ukuthathwa iminyaka emihlanu.

I-Aromotase inhibitors

• Lezi yizidakamizwa ezisebenza ngokuvimba ukukhiqizwa kwe-estrogen ezicutshini zomzimba.
• Zisetshenziswa kwabesifazane asebedlule esikhathini.

I-GnRH (i-Gonadotropin ekhipha ama-hormone) ama-analogues

• Le mithi isebenza ngokunciphisa kakhulu inani le-estrogen olwenza kuma-ovari.
• Imvamisa zinikezwa ngomjovo futhi zingasetshenziselwa abesifazane abangakafiki esikhathini sokuya esikhathini.

Umdlavuza webele eNdiya

• Ngokusho kwe-Globocan 2012, i-India kanye ne-United States kanye ne-China ngokuhlangene balandisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yomthwalo womhlaba wonke womdlavuza webele. (Umthombo wokufunda)
• I-India ibhekene nesimo esiyinselele ngenxa yokwanda kwezigameko eziyi-11.54% no-13.82% wokufa kwabantu ngenxa yomdlavuza webele phakathi no-2008-2012.
• Umdlavuza wamabele manje uwumdlavuza ovame kakhulu emadolobheni amaningi e-India futhi ungowesibili ovame kakhulu ezindaweni zasemakhaya. (Umthombo)
• Umdlavuza webele ubalelwa ku-25-32% wawo wonke umdlavuza emadolobheni amakhulu.
• Umdlavuza webele uklelise umdlavuza webele phakathi kwabesifazane baseNdiya ngezinga elishintshiwe yobudala lifinyelela ku-25.8 kwabesifazane abayizi-100,000 kanye nokufa ku-12.7 kwabesifazane abayizi-100,000.
• Izinga lokulungiswa kwesilinganiso se-carcinoma yesifuba litholwe njengabesifazane abangama-41 kwabangu-100,000 37.9 eDelhi, kwalandelwa iChennai (34.4), iBangalore (33.7) nesifunda iThiruvananthapuram (XNUMX).
• Ngaphandle kwalobu budala butholakale njengento eyingozi enkulu yomdlavuza webele kwabesifazane baseNdiya. Ukuqagela komdlavuza wamabele eNdiya ngezikhathi zika-2020 kuphakamisa ukuthi inani likhuphuke lifinyelele ku-1797900.