Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza
Zitholele ugonyelwe umdlavuza manje.
A umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza uhlobo olusha lomuthi olusebenzisa amasosha omzimba ukuzama ukugwema noma ukwelapha umdlavuza. Imithi yokugoma umdlavuza ihlukile kweminye imithi yokugoma ngoba ayivikeli ezifweni. Esikhundleni salokho, zenza amasosha omzimba ahlasele amaseli e-tumor. Zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: zokuvimbela kanye nokwelapha. Imithi yokugoma isiza ukuvimba umdlavuza ukuthi ungenzeki ngokuhlasela amagciwane noma ezinye izici ezihlobene nomdlavuza. Imithi yokugoma yokwelapha isiza ukwelapha umdlavuza ngokwenza amasosha omzimba akwazi ukubona nokuhlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Le mithi yokugoma enethemba inika abantu ithemba ngekusasa lapho amazinga omdlavuza ehla khona namazinga okusinda enyuka. Baphinde bavule izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha kanye nokuqeda umdlavuza.
Uyini umgomo womdlavuza?
Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza uyindlela entsha yezokwelapha esebenzisa amasosha omzimba ukulwa nomdlavuza. Imithi yokugoma umdlavuza ihlukile kweminye imigomo ngoba ayivikeli ezifweni ezithathelwanayo. Kunalokho, basebenza ngokwenza amasosha omzimba ahlasele amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Umgomo oyinhloko womgomo womdlavuza uwukunqanda umdlavuza ukuthi ungenzeki noma ukwelapha umdlavuza osuvele uqalile. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokwenza amasosha omzimba akwazi ukuthola nokulwa namaseli anomdlavuza.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zemithi yokugoma umdlavuza: leyo egwema umdlavuza kanye neyelapha umdlavuza. Imithi yokugoma evimbela umdlavuza izama ukuvikela kumagciwane noma kwezinye izinto ezingadala umdlavuza noma ziwenze ube mubi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imigomo yokwelapha yenzelwe ukwelapha umdlavuza okhona ngokufundisa amasosha omzimba ukubona nokukhomba amaprotheni athile esimila.
Noma imithi yokugomela umdlavuza inamandla amaningi, ukukhula kanye nempumelelo yayo kuncike ohlotsheni lomdlavuza olulwa nokuthi amasosha omzimba womuntu ngamunye asabela kanjani. Ucwaningo lwe-immunology lusaqhubeka futhi luthuthuka, okusinika ithemba lenqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe ekulweni nomdlavuza ngokusebenzisa imigomo.
Ama-antigen e-tumor ayizingcezu zamaprotheni enziwe amangqamuzana omdlavuza ashintshe izakhi zawo zofuzo. Amaningi awo abukeka njengamaprotheni avamile, ngakho amasosha omzimba awakwazi ukuwahlukanisa. Imithi yokugoma eminingi yesimila isuselwe ku-antigen yesimila esisodwa, kuyilapho abanye basebenzisa i-tumor lysates noma ama-peptide ukuze basekele imigomo yabo kuma-antigen angaphezu kweyodwa. Ama-Neoantigens, okungama-antigen amasha enziwe ngokuguqulwa kwesimila futhi asuselwa ekulandeleni kwe-exome ephelele (WES), abhekwe njengemithi emisha yomdlavuza. Imithi yokugomela umdlavuza osekelwe kumaseli e-dendritic ishintsha amasosha omzimba ngokusebenzisa amaseli e-dendritic ashintshiwe ngokofuzo ukuze aqale futhi acuphe amaseli e-T ukuze akwazi ukuhlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Okwesibili kuyindlela ethuthuke kakhulu yokwenza umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza, kodwa kunzima ukuwuklama nokuwusebenzisa.
Ukhiqizwa kanjani umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza?
Usebenza kanjani umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza?
Ukusabela kwe-autoimmune kwenziwa kusebenze ukuze kuqondiswe kumaseli omdlavuza
Amaseli omdlavuza avela nsuku zonke futhi aqedwa ngaso sonke isikhathi amasosha ethu omzimba. Lapho umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba usengozini, noma ngezinye izikhathi, izinguquko ezinzima zomdlavuza zenzeka ngengozi, amangqamuzana omdlavuza angase aphumelele ekuqapheni amasosha omzimba. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamasosha omzimba ukuze abone amangqamuzana omdlavuza kubalulekile ekwelapheni umdlavuza.
Ukwenza ngcono kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kabusha kwamasosha omzimba emithini yokugomela umdlavuza
Imithi yokugoma yendabuko isuselwe kumagciwane abuthakathaka noma angasebenzi noma amagciwane angase aqalise ukusabela komzimba emzimbeni. Ukuthuthukiswa komuthi wokugomela isimila kuye kwavela kusukela esizukulwaneni sokuqala sama-lysates agcwele isimila kuya emithini yokugomela isimila se-neopeptide yamanje.
Amaseli e-dendritic ashintshwe amasosha omzimba
Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva nje ukufaka izimila eziguquliwe yisakhi sokuzivikela ezifweni kanye nama-DCs ukwethula ama-antigen amaningi esimila, kanye nokuhlanganisa ama-peptides amasha okuguqula isimila (neoepitopes) nge-NGS WES kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubikezela i-epitope ekhawulelwe ye-HLA esekelwa ikhompuyutha. I-immune gene modified dendritic cell vaccines ithuthukisa ukwethulwa kwama-antigens athile omdlavuza, okuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo akhiqize izici ezivuselela umzimba, ezikhuthaza amasosha omzimba ukuba abone amaseli omdlavuza. Kubandakanya amangqamuzana abulalayo emvelo namaseli e-dendritic amasosha omzimba, aqala impendulo eqinile ye-anticancer, futhi enze ama-cytotoxic T lymphocyte abulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza ungadala i-memory T lymphocyte
Imithi yokugomela umdlavuza inganqanda ukuphindeka komdlavuza kanye ne-metastasis. Ukuhlinzwa, ukwelapha ngamakhemikhali noma i-radiotherapy kungasusa izimila eziningi, nokho, asekhona amangqamuzana omdlavuza ayinsalela, okungase kuholele ekuphindeni futhi kumetastasis. I-GIMI i-immune modulation technologyy isekelwe ekugomeni umdlavuza osuselwa ku-DC oguqulelwe ku-DC ongaheha uhlobo lwe-T-lymphocyte yenkumbulo, futhi uhlasele amaseli omdlavuza. Ngamanye amazwi, kunganqanda ukuphindeka komdlavuza noma ukuqubuka kwe-metastasis ngemva kokugonywa komdlavuza.
Umgomo wokugomela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho
Umgomo we-HPV, ovikela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, uyintuthuko yezokwelapha ebaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho. I-Human papillomavirus (HPV) isifo esivame ukusakazeka ngocansi esingadala umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho. Umgomo uvikela ezinhlotsheni eziyingozi kakhulu ze-HPV, okuyimbangela yezigameko eziningi zomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho.
Umuthi wokugoma uvame ukunikezwa njengesethi yamashothi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Isebenza kangcono uma inikezwa ngaphambi kokuba umuntu aqale ukuba nobuhlobo bobulili. Kunconywa kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane ukusiza ukumisa ukusabalala kwe-HPV futhi behlise inani labantu abanaleli gciwane ngokuvamile.
Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ngomgomo womdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ukuthi ungenza umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, okungowesine ovamile kubantu besifazane emhlabeni wonke, ungandile kakhulu. Ngokuvikela ukutheleleka nge-HPV, umgomo ungasindisa izinkulungwane zabantu unyaka ngamunye futhi wenze kube lula ezinsizeni zezempilo emhlabeni wonke ukubhekana nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho.
Futhi, ucwaningo oluningi lwezokwelapha kanye nokusetshenziswa emhlabeni wangempela kubonise ukuthi umgomo uphephile futhi uyasebenza. Ngenxa yokuthi usebenze kahle kakhulu, amazwe amaningi aseqale izinhlelo zokunikeza umgomo kubantu abasha. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba ngcono nakakhulu empilweni yomphakathi.
Sengiphetha, umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uyindlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho nezinye izifo ezibangelwa i-HPV. Ngokuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-HPV, kuyisici esibalulekile ekwehliseni isibalo sabantu abanomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho nokwenza impilo yomhlaba ibe ngcono ngokujwayelekile. Ukuze uwusebenzise ngokugcwele umgomo futhi uvikele izizukulwane ezizayo emiphumeleni emibi yomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, abantu kudingeka bazi ngawo futhi bakwazi ukuwuthola.
Imithi yokugomela umdlavuza wamaphaphu: i-Cimavax ne-Vaxira
Bobabili CimaVax futhi UVaxira yimithi yokugoma esivivinywa ebhekiwe ukuthi ingasetshenziswa yini ukwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
I-CimaVax umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza wamaphaphu owenziwe eCuba. I-CimaVax yehlukile kweminye imithi yokugoma ngoba izama ukuthola amasosha omzimba ukuze enze amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nephrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-epidermal growth factor (EGF). I-EGF isiza amaseli ukuthi akhule futhi idlala indima endleleni umdlavuza oqala futhi usakazeka ngayo. Ngokulandela i-EGF, i-CimaVax inethemba lokumisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza wamaphaphu ukuthi angakhuli futhi asabalale. Lokhu kungasiza abantu abanomdlavuza wamaphaphu osekhulile baphile isikhathi eside.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Vaxira umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza owenziwa e-Argentina. Ilandela iphrotheni ehlukile ebizwa nge-MUC1, ekhiqizwa ngokweqile kumdlavuza wamaphaphu nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza. I-Vaxira ihloselwe ukwenza amasosha omzimba abone amaseli omdlavuza aveza i-MUC1 futhi alwe nawo.
Bobabili uCimaVax noVaxira bathembisa izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo endaweni yokwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Izivivinyo zemitholampilo zibonise imiphumela ethembisayo, futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi zisebenza kahle kangakanani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi zingasetshenziswa yini njengengxenye yohlelo olugcwele lokwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kusukela ngesibuyekezo sami sokugcina solwazi ngoSepthemba 2021, le mithi yokugoma beyisacwaningwa, futhi ukufinyelela kwayo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kungenzeka kushintshile kusukela lapho. Hlala ukhuluma nodokotela noma unesi ukuze uthole iseluleko sakamuva sendlela yokwelapha umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Utholakala kuphi umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza manje?
Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza okhiqizwa ngezindlela ze-dendritic uyatholakala eShayina. Labo abathanda ukuzitholela ukugonyelwa umdlavuza bangathola ukwelashwa. Lezo ziguli okutholwe ukuthi zinomdlavuza nazo zingawuthatha umgomo. I-Cimavax iyatholakala eCuba kanti iVaxira itholakala e-Argentina njengamanje.
Kusukela embikweni wami wokugcina, owawungoJuni 2023, yayingeminingi imithi yokugomela umdlavuza eyayitholakala, futhi umsebenzi omningi kulo mkhakha wawusesigabeni socwaningo nentuthuko. Bekuneminye imigomo yokuvikela umdlavuza, njengomgomo we-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) wokuvikela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho neminye imidlavuza, kanye nomgomo weHepatitis B wokwehlisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi. Nokho, le mithi yokugoma yayihloselwe amagciwane athile abangela umdlavuza, hhayi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngokuqondile.
Imithi yokugomela umdlavuza wokwelapha, okuhloswe ngayo ukwelapha umdlavuza osewuqalile, ibisahlolwa ezifundweni zomtholampilo ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Lezi zifundo zazibalulekile ekutholeni ukuthi ziphephile yini, ziyasebenza yini, nokuthi zingadala yini imiphumela engemihle. Imithi yokugomela umdlavuza kwakunzima ukuyenza ngoba kwakunzima ukuthola ama-antigen e-tumor afanele, wenze imithi ilingane nesiguli ngasinye, futhi uthole ukuthi ungawunqanda kanjani umdlavuza ekucasheni amasosha omzimba.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi umkhakha wocwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa okutholakalayo kungenzeka kushintshile kusukela ekubuyekezweni kwami kokugcina. Ukuze uthole ulwazi lwakamuva kakhulu lwemithi yokugoma umdlavuza nokunye ukwelashwa, kungcono ukukhuluma nemithombo yamanje yezokwelapha kanye nabasebenzi bezempilo.
Ingakanani izindleko zemithi yokugomela umdlavuza?
Imithi yokugoma esekelwe kumaseli e-dendritic ibiza cishe u-$22000 USD. Ukwelashwa kwe-Vaxira, okuhlanganisa amashothi okwakha amahlanu anikezwa njalo emasontweni amabili bese kuthi amashothi ayishumi anikezwa njalo emavikini amane, abiza cishe u-$25,000.
Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uzobiza cishe u-$100 USD umthamo ngamunye. Umuthi wokugomela umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho owenziwe yi-Serum Institute of India kuthiwa ubiza ngaphansi kuka-$10USD umthamo ngamunye.