CAR T-Cell Therapy for colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common and lethal cancers globally. It develops in the colon or rectum and can be due to genetic mutation, diet, and lifestyle. Even with improvements in traditional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is a challenging condition with limited treatment. In recent times, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has become an emerging and robust technique in treating cancer, a glimmer of hope for individuals with advanced CRC.
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, affecting the colon or rectum, which are parts of the digestive system. It is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve survival rates.
CAR T Cell therapy, a revolutionary form of immunotherapy, is being explored as a potential treatment for colorectal cancer. This therapy involves engineering a patient’s T cells to target and destroy cancer cells. Although primarily successful in hematologic malignancies, ongoing research and clinical trials are evaluating its effectiveness in solid tumors like colorectal cancer.
Read in details about colorectal cancer, symptoms, diagnosis, and the latest treatment options here.
CAR T Cell therapy
It is one of the groundbreaking forms of immunotherapy that puts to bear the power of a person’s own immune system against cancer. This treatment involves making T cells carry a synthetic receptor known as CAR that specifically makes them recognize tumor-specific antigens expressed by cancer cells, and on infusing them back into the body, these engineered T cells can recognize and destroy cancer cells with remarkable precision.
CAR T-cell therapy has greatly succeeded in hematologic malignancies, including leukemia and lymphoma. The same cannot be said for its use in solid malignancies such as breast and lung cancer. Such is mainly attributed to heterogeneity of tumors, the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment, and lack of targetable antigens. Many researchers are pursuing CAR T-cell therapy in the treatment of breast cancer with attention to HER2, MUC1, and FRα for specificity and potency.
Though promising, CAR T-cell therapy comes with potential side effects, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Studies are underway to improve safety and efficacy, including the development of bispecific CARs and armored CAR T cells. As the clinical trials advance, CAR T-cell therapy promises to revolutionize cancer treatment and provide hope to patients with aggressive or treatment-resistant cancers.
Pic: Working of CAR T Cell therapy
Target Antigens in Colorectal Cancer
Identifying the right target antigen is crucial for the success of CAR T cell therapy. In colorectal cancer, several tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been identified for CAR T cell development:
CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen): CEA is highly expressed in colorectal cancer cells, making it a popular target for CAR T therapy.
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2): Some CRC patients exhibit HER2 overexpression, offering a viable target for treatment.
EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor): EGFR is another common target in CRC due to its role in tumor growth and progression.
MSLN (Mesothelin): Mesothelin is expressed in a subset of colorectal cancers, providing another option for CAR T targeting.
GUCY2C (Guanylate Cyclase C): This marker is specifically expressed in gastrointestinal malignancies, making it a promising antigen for CRC CAR T therapy.
Clinical trials and development
CAR T cell therapy for colorectal cancer is still in the experimental stage, with numerous clinical trials underway. Some notable studies include:
CEA-targeted CAR T Cells: Multiple trials have demonstrated partial responses in patients with advanced colorectal cancer using CEA-targeted CAR T therapy.
Dual-Targeting CAR T Cells: Researchers are exploring dual-targeted CAR T therapies that address antigen heterogeneity in CRC by targeting multiple markers.
Armored CAR T Cells: Armored CAR T cells are genetically engineered to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, enhancing efficacy in solid tumors.
Challenges in CAR T Therapy for CRC
Despite its promise, CAR T cell therapy for colorectal cancer faces several challenges:
Tumor Microenvironment: CRC has a highly immunosuppressive environment that hinders CAR T cell activity.
Antigen Heterogeneity: Tumors often exhibit diverse antigen expression, making single-target therapies less effective.
Off-Target Toxicity: Targeting antigens expressed in normal tissues may lead to severe toxicities.
Limited T Cell Persistence: Maintaining the longevity and function of CAR T cells in the body is a challenge in solid tumors.
Eligibility criteria for CAR T cell therapy in gastric cancer patients include:
Diagnosis of advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.
Failure of conventional therapies, including chemotherapy and targeted treatments.
Adequate organ function and overall health to undergo the therapy.
Oncologists assess each patient’s medical history to determine their suitability for CAR T cell therapy.
Advancements in China
China has rapidly emerged as a global leader in CAR T cell research and development. Chinese biotechnology companies and hospitals are conducting numerous clinical trials targeting colorectal cancer. Some key advancements include:
Innovative CAR Designs: Chinese researchers are developing next-generation CAR constructs with enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Dual-Target and Multi-Target CAR T Cells: To combat antigen heterogeneity, Chinese trials are testing dual-target and multi-target CAR T therapies.
Combination Therapies: Combining CAR T cell therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapies is gaining traction in China, further enhancing treatment outcomes.
Expanded Access: China has established several specialized cell therapy centers, providing greater access to CAR T cell treatments for patients.
The Future of CAR T Therapy in Colorectal Cancer
With continuous research, CAR T cell therapy is promising in revolutionizing the treatment of colorectal cancer. Scientists are concentrating on optimizing CAR designs, increasing cell persistence, and overcoming challenges posed by the tumor microenvironment. Combination therapy and personalized medicine are also predicted to enhance effectiveness and broaden the use of CAR T therapy in CRC.
Contact CancerFax for CAR T Cell Therapy for Colorectal Cancer
If you or your loved one is fighting colorectal cancer and seeking advanced treatments, CAR T cell therapy may provide hope. At CancerFax, we link patients to top cancer centers and clinics that provide CAR T cell therapy. Our experienced staff offers full-service support, from the first consultation through treatment planning.
Call CancerFax today to find out more about CAR T cell therapy for colorectal cancer and how we can help you on your treatment journey.