Waa maxay kansarka afka?

Kansarrada godka afka iyo oropharynx waxay ka bilaabmaan afka ama cunaha. Ogaanshaha waxa aad filan karto haddii aad leedahay mid ka mid ah malignan-yadan ama aad u dhowdahay qof sameeya ayaa kaa caawin kara inaad maareyso. Waxa laga yaabaa inaad wax ka barato daloolka afka iyo kansarrada oropharyngeal, oo ay ku jiraan arrimaha khatarta ah, calaamadaha, sida lagu ogaado, iyo sida loola dhaqmo, adigoo booqanaya boggan.

Bushimaha, xab-xabeedka bushimaha (xuubka gudaha ee bushimaha iyo dhabannada), ilkaha, cirridka, saddex meelood laba meel ee carrabka, sagxada afka oo ka hooseeya carrabka, saqafka lafta afka (xaraarada adag), iyo Aagga ka dambeeya ilkihiisa xigmaddu waa qayb ka mid ah godka afka (oo loo yaqaan 'retromolar trigone).

Oropharynx, oo ku yaal gadaasha afka, waa qaybta dhexe ee cunaha. Marka afkaagu si weyn u furmo, waa la arki karaa. Dhabarka jilicsan (qaybta dambe ee saqafka afka), qumanka, iyo dhinaca iyo derbiyada dhuunta ee dhabarka ayaa ka kooban saldhigga carrabka (saddexda dambe ee carrabka).

Oropharynx iyo godka afka ayaa kaa caawinaya neefsashada, hadalka, cunista, ruugista, iyo liqidda. Candhuufta (candhuufta) waxaa soo saara qanjidhada yaryar ee candhuufta oo dhan daloolka afka iyo oropharynx, kaas oo ka dhiga afkaaga iyo cunahaaga qoyaan kana caawiya dheefshiidka.

Noocyada kansarka afka

Noocyo kala duwan oo unugyo ah ayaa ka kooban qaybaha kala duwan ee daloolka afka iyo oropharynx. Nooc kasta oo unug ah ayaa awood u leh inuu bilaabo kansarka. Kala soocidaan waa muhiim sababtoo ah waxay saameyn karaan fursadaha daaweynta bukaanka iyo saadaasha.

Kansarka unugyada squamous ee daloolka afka iyo oropharynx

Kansarka unugyada squamous-ka, oo loo yaqaan kansarka unugyada squamous, ayaa ku xisaabtama ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan malignanciyada ku jira daloolka afka iyo oropharynx. Unugyada squamous, kuwaas oo ah unugyo fidsan, unugyo dhuuban oo afka iyo cunaha, ayaa ah halka ay xumaanuhu ka bilaabmaan.

Kansarka goobta is the earliest form of squamous cell cancer. This signifies that the cancer cells are exclusively found in the epithelium, a layer of cells (the top layer of cells lining the oral cavity and oropharynx). Invasive squamous cell cancer, on the other hand, occurs when cancer cells migrate past the epithelium and into the deeper layers of the oral cavity or oropharynx.

Inta badan malignanciyada unug-squamous-ka ee oropharynx waxaa sababa caabuq leh noocyo halis sare leh oo gaar ah oo ah papillomavirus (HPV) (loo yaqaan HPV-positive cancer). Kansarka daloolka afka ayaa si aan badneyn ugu xiran HPV. Malignancies HPV-positive malignancies waxay ku badan yihiin dhalinyarada aan waligood sigaar cabbin ama cabbin khamriga. Cudurradan malignantiga ah waxay leeyihiin saadaal ka wanaagsan (saadaal) ka badan kansarka unugyada squamous-ka ee aan keenin HPV (HPV-kansarka xun). Tani waxay u badan tahay inay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in marka burooyinka HPV-ga ah lagu daaweeyo kiimoterabi iyo shucaac, ay hoos u dhacaan.

Kansarka Verrucous waa kansar unug-squamous ah oo naadir ah oo inta badan saameeya afka iyo dhabannada. Waa kansar heerkiisu hooseeyo (mid tartiib u koraya) oo si naadir ah ugu fida qaybaha kale ee jirka.

Kansarka qanjidhada salivary

These malignancies can begin in the glands of the mouth and throat lining. Kansarka 'cystic carcinoma', mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma are all examples of small salivary gland malignancies. To understand more about these cancers, as well as benign salivary gland tumours, please visit our website.

Liin-dheerta

The tonsils and base of the tongue contain immune system (lymphoid) tissue, where cancers called lymphomas can start. For more information about these cancers, see Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children.

Burooyinka aan fiicnayn

Noocyo badan oo burooyin aan fiicneyn iyo isbeddelo u eg buro ayaa ka bilaaban kara afka ama cunaha, sida kuwan:

• granuloma unug weyn oo durugsan
• Fibroma
• Unug granular ah buro
• Schwannoma
• Neurofibroma
• Pyogenic granuloma
• Hemangioma afka

Burooyinkan aan kansarka ahayn waxay ka soo bilowdaan noocyo kala duwan oo unugyo ah waxayna leeyihiin sababo badan. Qaarkood waxay keeni karaan dhibaatooyin, laakiin uma badna inay nafta halis geliso. Daawaynta caadiga ah ee noocyadan burooyinka waa qalliin si buuxda looga saaro maadaama aysan u badnayn inay soo noqdaan (soo noqdaan).

Arrimaha khatarta ah ee kansarka afka

Fahamka doorsoomayaasha sababa kansarka ayaa kaa caawin doona ka hortagga cudurka. Kansarka afka ayaa taariikh ahaan lala xiriiriyay kuwa ka weyn da'da 40, sidaas darteed da'da waxaa badanaa lagu sheegaa inay tahay arrin khatar ah. Da'da shakhsiyaadka laga helay kansarka waxay muujin kartaa qayb ku meel gaadh ah oo ka mid ah hababka biochemical ama biophysical ee unugyada gabowga taas oo u oggolaanaysa isbeddel xun, ama waxay muujin kartaa in awoodda difaaca jidhka ay hoos u dhacdo da'da. Xogtii dhawaa (dabayaaqadii 2008-2011) ayaa noo horseedaysa in aan ku soo gabagabeyno in dadka aan sigaarka cabbin ee ka yar da'da kontonka ay yihiin qaybta ugu kobaca badan ee kansarka afka, taas oo muujinaysa isbeddel ku yimid asalka cudurka iyo goobaha uu inta badan ka soo baxo deegaanka afka. Kansarrada la xidhiidha sigaarka ee afka hore ee afka, kansarka tubaakada, iyo kansarka la xidhiidha alkolada ayaa dhammaantood hoos u dhacay, laakiin gadaasha meelaha daloolka afka ee ku xidhan sababta fayraska HPV16 ayaa kordhay. Natiijo ahaan, dad badan ayaa u tixraaca labadan malignancies oo aad u kala duwan (afka iyo oropharyngeal) sida "kansar afka" marka ay la hadlayaan dadweynaha guud, taas oo farsamo ahaan khaldan laakiin loo arko mid caadi ah fariinta guud ee dadweynaha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen daciifnimada habka difaaca jidhka ama da'da, waxay u badan tahay in waxyeellada isbiirsaday ee ka timaadda arrimo kale sida isticmaalka tubaakada, khamriga, iyo caabuqyada fayraska ee joogtada ah sida HPV ay yihiin sababaha ugu waaweyn. Tusaale ahaan, horumarka kansarku wuxuu u baahan karaa dhowr sano oo sigaar cabbin ah. Isticmaalka tubaakada nooc kastaba ha ahaatee, waa sababta ugu badan ee kansarka afka afka ee dhabta ah ee dadka ka weyn 50. Sigaar cabbayaasha tubaakada waxay ku xisaabtamaan ugu yaraan 75 boqolkiiba shakhsiyaadka laga helay 50 iyo ka weyn waagii hore. Saamigani wuu isbeddelayaa, boqolleyda gaarka ahna weli lama go'aamin oo lama sii dayn, maadaama xogta cusub ee la xidhiidha hoos u dhaca isticmaalka sigaarka ay si degdeg ah u beddelayso firfircoonida. Sababtoo ah sigaarka iyo aalkolada waxay u dhaqmaan si isku mid ah, khatartaadu aad bay kor ugu kacaysaa markaad labada isku geyso. Kuwa sigaarka cabba iyo kuwa cabba waxay leeyihiin 15-laab khatarta ah inay qaadaan kansarka afka marka loo eego kuwa aan cabbin. Aetiology-ga fayraska ee HPV16 uma muuqdo inuu u baahan yahay tubaakada ama aalkolada inay si isku mid ah u shaqeeyaan, HPV16-na waxay ka dhigan tahay hab-raac cudur oo si buuxda u kala duwan oo madaxbannaan oo ku jira oropharynx.

Tobacco and alcohol are primarily chemical variables, but because we have some control over them, they can also be considered lifestyle issues. Aside from them, there are physical variables such as ultraviolet light exposure. Lip cancers, as well as other skin malignancies, are caused by this substance. Lip cancer is one type of oral cancer that has decreased in prevalence over the previous few decades. This is most likely due to improved awareness of the harmful effects of prolonged sun exposure and the usage of sunscreens to defend against it. Another physical factor is x-ray exposure. Radiographs were routinely obtained during examinations, and they are safe in the dental office, but keep in mind that radiation exposure builds up over time. It’s been linked to a number of kansarka madaxa iyo qoorta.

Biological factors include viruses and fungus, which have been linked to oral malignancies in the past. The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers (Oropharynx, base of tongue, tonsillar pillars, and crypt, as well as the tonsils themselves. ), but only in a small population of people have they been implicated in oral cancers in the anterior of the mouth. HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that affects roughly 40 million people in the United States today. HPV comes in 200 different strains, the majority of which are regarded to be safe. Most Americans will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives, and some will even be exposed to oncogenic / cancer-causing strains. However, only about 1% of people infected have an immune response to the HPV16 strain, which is the leading cause of kansarka ilma-mareenka (together with HPV18), anus and penis cancers, and is now also a known cause of oropharyngeal cancer. As a result, we want to be clear. Even if you’re infected with a high-risk HPV virus, it doesn’t indicate you’ll get mouth cancer. The majority of people’s immune systems will remove the infection before a cancer develops. Changes in young adults’ sexual habits throughout the previous few decades, and which are still occurring now, are likely increasing the transmission of HPV and its carcinogenic variants. Other minor risk factors have been linked to oral malignancies but have yet to be firmly proven to play a role in their progression. Lichen planus, an inflammatory condition of the oral soft tissues, and genetic predispositions are examples of this.

Calaamadaha kansarka afka

Mid ka mid ah khataraha ugu weyn ee kansarkan ayaa ah in aan la ogaan karin marxaladihiisa hore. Waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay mid aan xanuun lahayn, waxaana laga yaabaa inay jiraan isbeddelo jidheed oo muuqda. Warka fiicani waa in, xaalado badan, dhakhtarkaaga ama dhakhtarkaaga ilkuhu ay ogaan karaan ama dareemi karaan isbeddelka unugyada hore, ama kansarka dhabta ah, marka uu weli aad u yar yahay ama marxaladihiisa hore. Waxay u qaadan kartaa qaab cad ama bar cas oo nudaha afka ah, ama boog yar oo jeexan oo u eg nabar kansar ah. Sababtoo ah waxaa jira isbeddello badan oo unugyo aan fiicneyn oo si dabiici ah ugu dhaca afkaaga, iyo sababta oo ah wax fudud sida qaniinyada gudaha dhabankaaga ayaa u ekaan kara muuqaalka isbeddelka unugyada khatarta ah, waa muhiim inaad yeelato meel kasta oo nabar ah ama midab leh. afkaaga oo uu baaro xirfadle haddii uu ku bogsan waayo 14 maalmood gudahood. Calaamadaha kale waxaa ka mid ah barar ama barar aan xanuun lahayn oo ku jirta afka ama qoorta, xanuun ama dhibaato cunto cunid, hadal, ama calalin, burooyin kasta oo burooyin u eg, xabeeb joogto ah, ama kabuubyo ku yaal afka/wejiga. Dhego-xanuun daba-dheeraaday oo dhinac ah ayaa sidoo kale noqon kara calaamad digniin ah.

The tongue and the floor of the mouth are common sites for oral cancer to grow at the front (front) of the mouth, aside from the lips, which are no longer a prominent site for occurrence. Chewing tobacco users are more likely to develop them in the sulcus between the lip or cheek and the soft tissue (gingiva) surrounding the lower jaw (mandible), where the tobacco plug is frequently held. A tiny number of malignancies specific to the salivary glands exist, as well as the extremely hazardous melanoma. While their frequency is dwarfed by the other oral malignancies, they account for a modest percentage of the overall incidence rate. Hard palate cancers are uncommon in the United States, but they are not unknown. Other areas where it is now more regularly observed, particularly in young non-smokers, include the base of the tongue at the rear of the mouth, the oropharynx (back of the throat) and on the pillars of the tonsils, as well as the tonsillar crypt and the tonsil itself. If your dentist or doctor suspects a questionable spot, the only way to be sure it’s not something dangerous is to perform a biopsy. This is not a painful procedure, it is affordable, and it takes only a few minutes. It’s critical to have a definitive diagnosis as soon as possible. It’s conceivable that your general dentist or medical doctor will send you to a specialist for the biopsy. This is not a cause for concern, but rather a typical component of the referral process that occurs between doctors of various disciplines.

Astaamaha iyo astaamaha kansarka afka waxaa ka mid noqon kara:

• Xanuun bushimo ama af ah oo aan bogsan
• Bar cad ama guduudan oo ku taal gudaha afkaaga
• ilkaha dabacsan
• Korniin ama buro gudaha afkaaga
• Af xanuun
• Dhego xanuun
• Liqitaanka adag ama xanuunka

Ogaanshaha kansarka afka

Tijaabooyinka iyo hababka loo isticmaalo in lagu ogaado kansarka afka waxaa ka mid ah:

• Imtixaanka jirka. Dhakhtarkaaga ama dhakhtarkaaga ilkuhu waxay baari doonaan bushimahaaga iyo afkaaga si ay u eegaan cilladaha aan caadiga ahayn - meelaha xanaaqa, sida nabarrada iyo bararka cadcad (leukoplakia).

Ka saarida unugyada si loo baaro (biopsy). Haddii meel laga shakiyo la helo, dhakhtarkaaga ama dhakhtarkaaga ilkuhu waxay ka saari karaan muunad unugyo ah si loogu baaro shaybaadhka habraaca loo yaqaan biopsy. Dhakhtarku waxa laga yaabaa inuu isticmaalo qalabka wax lagu gooyo si uu u gooyo muunad unug ah ama u isticmaalo irbad si uu muunada uga saaro. Shaybaadhka, unugyada waxa lagu falanqeeyaa kansarka ama isbeddellada kansarka ee hore u tilmaamaya khatarta kansarka mustaqbalka.

Marka kansarka afka la ogaado, dhakhtarkaagu wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa si loo ogaado heerka (marxaladda) kansarkaaga. Tijaabada kansarka afka waxa ka mid noqon kara:

• Isticmaalka kamarad yar si aad u baarto cunahaaga. During a procedure called endoscopy, your doctor may pass a small, flexible camera equipped with a light down your throat to look for signs that cancer has spread beyond your mouth.
• Imtixaanada Imtixaanka. Tijaabooyin sawir-qaadis oo kala duwan ayaa laga yaabaa inay kaa caawiyaan go'aaminta inuu kansarku ku faafay meel ka baxsan afkaaga. Tijaabooyinka sawir-qaadista waxaa ku jiri kara raajada, CT, MRI iyo baarista positron emission tomography (PET), iyo kuwo kale. Qof kastaa uma baahna imtixaan kasta. Takhtarkaaga ayaa go'aamin doona baaritaannada ku habboon iyadoo lagu saleynayo xaaladdaada.

Marxaladaha kansarka afka waxaa lagu tilmaamaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo tirooyinka Roomaanka I ilaa IV. Marxaladda hoose, sida heerka I, waxay muujinaysaa kansar yar oo ku kooban hal meel. Marxaladda sare, sida heerka IV, waxay muujinaysaa kansar weyn, ama kansarku wuxuu ku faafay meelaha kale ee madaxa ama qoorta ama meelaha kale ee jirka. Marxaladda kansarku waxay ka caawisaa dhakhtarkaaga inuu go'aamiyo fursadahaaga daawaynta.

Daawaynta kansarka afka

Daaweynta kansarka afka waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa meesha iyo heerka burada, iyo sidoo kale guud ahaan caafimaadkaaga iyo dookhyadaada. Waxa laga yaabaa inaad hesho hal nooc oo keliya oo daawaynta kansarka ah ama isku darka daawaynta kansarka. Qalliinka, shucaaca, iyo kiimoterabiga dhamaantood waa xulashooyinka daawaynta. Kala tasho dhakhtarkaaga wixii ku saabsan fursadahaaga.

Qalliinka

Qaliinka kansarka afka waxa uu ka koobnaan karaa hababka soo socda:

Qaliinka saarista burada: Si loo xaqiijiyo in dhammaan unugyada kansarka la tirtiray, dhakhtarkaaga qalliinka ayaa laga yaabaa inuu gooyo burada iyo qayb ka mid ah unugyada caafimaadka qaba ee ku wareegsan. Qalliin yar ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo baabi'iyo xumaanta yaryar. Burooyinka waaweyn ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan qalliin aad u xooggan. Buro weyn, tusaale ahaan, waxay u baahdaan in laga saaro in yar oo laf dhabartaada ah ama qayb ka mid ah carrabkaaga.

Qalliin lagaga saarayo kansarka qoorta oo faafay: Dhakhtarkaagu waxa laga yaabaa inuu soo jeediyo in laga saaro qanjidhada qanjidhada iyo unugyada la xidhiidha qoortaada haddii unugyada kansarku ay u gudbeen qanjidhada qoortaada ama haddii ay jirto khatar weyn oo tani dhacdo sababtoo ah xajmiga ama qoto dheer ee xumaantaada (qoorta kala goynta). Unug kasta oo kansar ah oo u haajiray qanjidhadaada ayaa laga saaraa inta lagu jiro kala-soocidda qoorta. Waxay kaloo kaa caawin kartaa inaad ogaato haddii aad u baahan tahay daawayn kale qalliinka ka dib.

Qaliinka dib u dhiska afka: Ka dib marka kansarkaaga laga saaro, dhakhtarkaaga qalliinka ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ku bixiyo qaliin dib-u-dhis ah si loo soo celiyo afkaaga si aad u hadasho oo aad mar kale wax u cunto. Si dib loogu dhiso afkaaga, dhakhtarkaagu waxa laga yaabaa inuu isticmaalo maqaarka, murqaha, ama lafaha kale ee jidhkaaga. Ilkaha la gashado ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa in lagu beddelo ilkaha maqan.
Hababka qalitaanku waxay keeni karaan dhiig-bax iyo caabuq. Muuqashada qalliinka kansarka afka, iyo sidoo kale awooddaada inaad ku hadasho, wax cunto, iyo wax liqidda, ayaa laga yaabaa inay dhammaantood saameeyaan.

Si lagaaga caawiyo inaad wax cunto, cabto, oo aad daawo u qaadato, waxa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato tuubo. Tuubada waxaa laga geli karaa sankaaga iyo calooshaada si loogu isticmaalo waqti gaaban. Tuubo ayaa laga yaabaa in maqaarkaaga lagaa saaro calooshaada mustaqbalka fog.

Dhakhtarkaagu waxa laga yaabaa inuu kuu soo diro takhtar takhasus leh oo kaa caawin kara inaad la qabsato isbedelada.

Daweynta shucaaca

Si loo dilo unugyada kansarka, shucaac daawaynta waxay isticmaashaa laydhka tamarta sare leh sida raajada iyo protons. Daaweynta shucaaca waxaa badanaa lagu bixiyaa mishiin ka baxsan jidhkaaga (shucaaca iftiinka dibadda), laakiin sidoo kale waxaa lagu siin karaa abuur shucaac ah iyo fiilooyinka la geliyo kansarka agtiisa (brachytherapy).

Qalitaanka ka dib, daawaynta shucaaca ayaa si joogto ah loo shaqeeyaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aad qabtid kansarka afka ee marxaladda hore, waxa laga yaabaa in keligiis la isticmaalo. Xaaladaha qaarkood, daaweynta shucaaca iyo kiimoterabiga ayaa laga yaabaa in si wadajir ah loo isticmaalo. Isku-dhafkan wuxuu wanaajiyaa waxtarka daaweynta shucaaca iyadoo isla mar ahaantaana kordhinaysa khatarta saameynta xun. Daaweynta shucaaca ayaa laga yaabaa inay kaa caawiso dhimista calaamadaha iyo calaamadaha kansarka la xiriira, sida raaxo la'aanta, xaaladaha kansarka afka ee horumarsan.

Afka qalalan, suuska iliggu, iyo xumaanta lafta daanka ayaa dhamaantood ah waxyeelooyinka suurtagalka ah ee daawaynta shucaaca afka.

Kahor intaadan bilaabin daaweynta shucaaca, dhakhtarkaagu wuxuu kugula talin lahaa inaad aragto dhakhtarka ilkaha si loo hubiyo in ilkahaagu u caafimaad qabaan intii suurtagal ah. Ilko kasta oo aan caafimaad qabin waxay u baahan karaan in la daweeyo ama laga saaro. Dhakhtarka ilkuhu waxa kale oo uu kugula talin karaa sida loo daryeelo ilkahaaga inta lagu jiro daaweynta shucaaca iyo ka dib si loo yareeyo fursadaha arrimaha.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy waa daaweyn dilaa ah oo kansar ah oo loo isticmaalo kiimikooyin. Dawooyinka kiimoterabiga waxaa loo isticmaali karaa kaligaa, wakiilada kiimoterabiga kale, ama daawaynta kale ee kansarka. Kiimoterabiga ayaa la muujiyey inuu hagaajiyo waxtarka daaweynta shucaaca, sidaa darteed labadaba badanaa waa la wada isticmaalaa.

Dhibaatooyinka ka yimaada kiimoterabiga way kala duwan yihiin iyadoo ku xiran daawooyinka la isticmaalo. Lalabbo, matag, iyo timo daataan dhamaantood waa saameyn xun oo caadi ah. Weydii dhakhtarkaaga wixii ku saabsan saamaynta xun ee suurtogalka ah ee dawooyinka kemotherabi ee lagu siin doono.

Daaweynta Targeted 

Daawooyinka bartilmaameedka u ah sifooyinka gaarka ah ee unugyada kansarka ee quudiya badintooda ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo kansarka afka. Daawooyinka la bartilmaameedsado waxaa loo isticmaali karaa kaligood ama iyadoo lala kaashanayo kiimoterabiga ama daaweynta shucaaca si loo gaaro natiijooyinka ugu fiican.

Xaaladaha qaarkood, cetuximab (Erbitux) waa daawayn la beegsaday oo loo isticmaalo daawaynta kansarka afka. Cetuximab waxay joojisaa ficilka borotiinka laga helo unugyo caafimaad qaba oo kala duwan laakiin aad uga dhex muuqda unugyada kansarka. Nabarrada maqaarka, cuncun, madax-xanuun, shuban, iyo infekshannada ayaa dhammaantood ah waxyeellooyin soo raaca.

Haddii daawaynta caadiga ahi aanay shaqaynayn, dawooyinka kale ee la beegsanayo ayaa suurtogal ah.

immunotherapy

Immunotherapy waa nooc ka mid ah daawaynta kansarka kaas oo isticmaala habka difaaca jirka. Sababtoo ah unugyada kansarku waxay abuuraan borotiinno indho-la'aan ah unugyada habka difaaca jirka, habka difaaca jirka ee la dagaallama cudurka waxaa laga yaabaa inuusan weerarin kansarkaaga. Immunotherapy waxay u shaqeysaa iyada oo faragalinaysa hababka dabiiciga ah ee habka difaaca jirka.

Immunotherapy waxaa inta badan loo qoondeeyay kuwa qaba kansarka afka ee hore u maray kuwaas oo ku guuldareystay inay ka jawaabaan daaweynta dhaqameed.