Anal cancer

Chii chinonzi gomarara rekumashure?

Chirwere chegomarara (anal cancer) chirwere chinokonzeresa matishu e anus anoita masero akaipa (cancer). Iyo anus ndiyo kuguma kwemukati mukuru, pasi pe rectum, kubva kune iyo muviri unosiya chigaro (marara akasimba). Iyo anus inoumbwa nechikamu kubva kunze kweganda remuviri uye chikamu kubva muura. Tsandanyama mbiri dzakaita semhete dzinovhura nekuvhara buri rekumashure, rinonzi sphincter muscles, uye rega chituru chibude kunze kwemuviri. Inenge 1-11⁄2 inches kureba ndiyo mugero wetsvina, chikamu che anus pakati pe rectum nekuvhura kwemashure.

Ganda racho rinodaidzwa kunzi nzvimbo yeperianal yakatenderedza kunze kwekunze kwemboro. Perianal tumarara yeganda iyo isingakanganise iyo anal sphincter inowanzo kurapwa nenzira imwecheteyo sean cancers, kunyangwe vamwe vachigona kurapwa kweruwa (kurapwa kunotungamirwa kunzvimbo diki yeganda).

Makenza mazhinji ekumashure ane hukama nehutachiona hwevanhu papillomavirus (HPV).

Njodzi zvinhu zvegomarara

Njodzi zvinhu zvegomarara rinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kutapukirwa nepillomavirus yemunhu (HPV).
• Kuva nechirwere kana chirwere chinokonzeresa kushomeka kwema immune system, senge hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiwana hweHIV kana hutachiona.
• Having a personal history of vulvar, vaginal, or cervical cancers.
• Kuva nevakawanda pabonde.
• Kuva nekurara pabonde (garo rekumashure).
• Kusvuta midzanga.

Zviratidzo zvegomarara rezvemashure zvinosanganisira kubuda ropa kubva muchigubhu kana muhudyu kana bundu padhuze nehure.

Gomarara rekanzuru kana zvimwe zvinetso zvinogona kuve zvinokonzeresa izvi nezvimwe zviratidzo nezviratidzo. Kana uine chimwe chezvinhu zvinotevera, bvunza chiremba wako:

• Kubuda ropa kubva kune anus kana rectum.
• Bundu riri padyo negaro.
• Marwadzo kana kumanikidzwa munzvimbo yakatenderedza anus.
• Kuchema kana kubuda kubva kune anus.
• Shanduko mutsika.

Kuyedza kunoongorora rectum uye anus zvinoshandiswa kuongorora gomarara rezvemashure.

Iyi inotevera bvunzo uye maitiro anogona kushandiswa:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano: Kuongororwa kwemuviri kutarisa zviratidzo zvehutano zvakazara, kusanganisira kutsvaga zviratidzo zvekurwara, senge mapundu kana chimwe chinhu chinoratidzika kunge chisinganzwisisike. Pachave zvakare nepfupiso yemurwere maitiro uye mamiriro ekare uye kurapwa.
• Dhijitari rectal bvunzo (DRE): Kuongorora kwe rectum uye anus. Chigunwe chakakora, chakapfekerwa chakaiswa muchikamu chepazasi chechuru nachiremba kana mukoti kuti unzwe mabundu kana chimwe chinhu chinoratidzika kunge chisinganzwisisike.

• Anoscopy: Kuongororwa kweanus uye yepasi rectum uchishandisa anoscope inonzi diki, yakavhenekerwa chubhu.
• Proctoscopy: Muedzo neproctoscope kutarisa mukati meye rectum uye anus yekutsvaga nzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa. Zvekutarisa mukati meiyo rectum uye anus, proctoscope idiki, chubhu-senge chishandiso chine mwenje nelenzi. Inogona zvakare kusanganisira chishandiso chekubvisa masuru sampuli ayo anoongororwa zviratidzo zvecancer pasi pe microscope.
• Endo-anal kana endorectal ultrasound: Maitiro ekuti ultrasound transducer (sampuro) inoiswa mukati meanus kana rectum uye inoshandiswa kubhururuka nekugadzira maungira emagetsi ane simba (ultrasound) kubva munyama dzemukati kana mitezo. Maungira anoumba mufananidzo unonzi sonogram yemaviri matissue.
• Biopsy: Kubviswa kwemasero kana zvinyama kuitira kuti chiremba angazviongorore pasi pe microscope kutsvaga zviratidzo zvecancer. Bhiopsy inogona kuitwa panguva iyoyo kana nzvimbo inofungidzirwa ikaonekwa panguva yeancopy.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvinokanganisa kufungidzira (mukana wekupora) uye nzira dzekurapa.

Kufungidzira kunoenderana nezvinotevera:

• Ukuru hwe tumarara.
• Kunyangwe iyo cancer yakapararira kune iyo lymph node.

Sarudzo dzekurapa dzinoenderana nezvinotevera:

• Chikamu checancer.
• Iko iko bundu riri mune iyo anus.
• Kunyangwe murwere aine hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hweHIV (HIV).
• Kunyangwe kenza inosara mushure mekutanga kurapwa kana yadzoka.

Matanho eAn Cancer

PFUNGWA DZINOKOSHA

• Mushure mekunge gomarara repanhengo raonekwa, kuongororwa kunoitwa kuti uone kana gomarara maseru rapararira mukati meanus kana kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri
• Pane nzira nhatu dzinopararira negomarara mumuviri.
• Gomarara rinogona kutapukira kubva kwarakatanga kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.
• Matanho anotevera anoshandiswa pagomarara repamberi:
  • Stage 0
  • Stage I
  • Stage II
  • Stage III
  • Stage IV
• Gomarara rekanzuru rinogona kudzoka (kudzoka) mushure mekurapwa.

Maitiro anoshandiswa kutsvaga kuti gomarara rapararira mukati megonzo here kana kuti kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri inonzi staging. Chikamu chehurwere chinotemerwa nedata rakawanikwa kubva padanho iri. Kuti urongedze kurapwa, zvinodikanwa kuti uzive iyo poindi. Mukuitisa matanho, bvunzo dzinotevera dzinogona kushandiswa:

• CT scan (CAT scan): Unyanzvi hunotora mifananidzo yakateedzana, yakatorwa kubva pamakona akasiyana siyana, enzvimbo dziri mukati memuviri, senge dumbu, chiuno, kana chipfuva. Komputa yakabatana nemuchina we-x-ray inogadzira iyo mifananidzo. Kuita kuti mitezo kana zvinyama zvioneke zvakajeka, dhayi inogona kuiswa jekiseni kana kumedzwa. Computed tomography, komputa tomography, kana komputa axial tomography inonziwo iyi nzira.
• Chest x-ray: X-ray yemapfupa uye nhengo mukati mechipfuva. X-ray imhando yesimba remagetsi iro rinogona kupfuura nekupinda mukati mefirimu kuburikidza nemuviri, kugadzira mufananidzo wenzvimbo dziri mukati memuviri.
• MRI (yemagineti resonance imaging): A technique for making a series of informative pictures of areas within the body using a magnet, radio waves, and a monitor. Often known as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, this approach is (NMRI).
• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): Unyanzvi hwekuziva maseru emuviri akashata. Chinhu chidiki chinoputirwa mutsinga ine radioactive glucose (shuga). Iyo PET scanner inotenderera yakatenderedza muviri uye inogadzira mufananidzo wekuti muviri unoshandisa glucose. Mumufananidzo, malignant tumor cells anoratidzika kupenya sezvo achinyanya kushanda uye achitora glucose yakawanda kupfuura zvinoita maseru akajairwa.
• Kuongorora kwepelvic: Vagina, cervix, chiberekero, fallopian machubhu, ovaries, uye rectum bvunzo. Chidimbu chinoiswa mukati memukadzi uye chibereko nemuromo wechibereko zvinotariswa nachiremba kana mukoti kuona zviratidzo zvekurwara. Kuongorora kwechibereko pap kunowanzoitwa. Kuti unzwe kuyerwa, chimiro, uye nzvimbo yechibereko nemazai, chiremba kana mukoti anowanzoisa rimwe kana maviri akazorwa, zvigunwe zvakavharwa zveruoko rumwe mukati memukadzi uye anoisa rumwe ruoko pamusoro pezasi kwedumbu. Chigunwe chakakora, chakapfekerwa chakawanzoiswa mukati mechidzitiro nachiremba kana mukoti kuti unzwe mabundu kana nzvimbo dzisina kujairika.

Ndedzipi nzira dzekurapa mukenza yekumashure?

Mhando mitatu yekurapa kwakajairika inoshandiswa:

Gomarara Kanzuru Kuvhiya

• Yemunharaunda resection: Unyanzvi hwekuvhiya umo, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyama dzakagwinya dzakatenderedza bundu iri rinotemwa kubva muchibereko. Kana kenza iri diki uye isina kupararira, resection yemuno inogona kushandiswa. Maitiro aya anogona kuponesa mhasuru dzeiyo sphincter kuitira kuti ura hutambe hunogona kudzorwa nemurwere. Nekudzoserwa kwenzvimbo, mamota anokura mune yepazasi chikamu cheiyo anus anogonawo kubviswa.
• Abdominoperineal resection: Nzira yekuvhiya inobvisa anus, rectum, uye chikamu che sigmoid colon kuburikidza nekuchekwa kwakagadzirwa mudumbu. Kuti aunganidze tsvina yemuviri mubhegi rinoraswa kunze kwemuviri, chiremba anosonerera panoperera ura paburi rinonzi stoma rakagadzirwa pamusoro pedumbu. A colostomy inonzi iyi. Munguva iyi, lymph nodes ine kenza inogonawo kubviswa. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa chete kune cancer inoramba iripo kana kudzoka mushure mekurapa radiation uye chemotherapy kurapwa.

Kuvhiya kweAn Cancer

Kuvhiya haisiyo yekutanga nzira inoshandiswa yekenza yemukati mune dzakawanda zviitiko. Nzira yekuita zvinoenderana nerudzi uye nzvimbo yebundu kune varwere vanoda kuvhiyiwa.

Yemunharaunda resection

Yemunharaunda resection inzira inongobviswa bundu chete, pamwe nehurefu hutete (kumucheto) hweyakajairika nyama yakatenderedza bundu. Kana bundu iri riri diki uye risina kupararira kumatishu akapoteredza kana maLymph node, rinonyanya kushandiswa kurapa kanzuru dzemumuganhu wakare.

Local resection inowanzo chengetedza tsandanyama dzeiyo sphincter iyo inodzivirira stool kubva kudonha kunze kusvikira vazorora mushure mekufamba kwehurosi. Izvi zvinobatsira munhu mushure mekuvhiyiwa kuti asunungure ura hwake.

Abdominoperineal resection

Maitiro makuru ndeye kubviswa kwepamuviri (kana APR) resection. Mukati medumbu (dumbu), chiremba anovhiya anoita cheka imwe (kucheka) uye imwe yakatenderedza anus kuti ibudise iyo anus uye rectum. Chero ipi yeanopoteredza groin lymph node anogona zvakare kudimburwa nachiremba, asi izvi (zvinodaidzwa kuti dissection yeiyo lymph node) inogona zvakare kuitwa gare gare.

Iyo anus (uye iyo anal sphincter) yaenda, saka zvakakosha kuita kuvhurwa kutsva kwechituru kuti chibve mumuviri. Kupera kwekoloni kwakabatana nekaburi kadiki (kanonzi stoma) kakagadzirwa mudumbu kuita izvi. Pamusoro pekuvhura, bhegi rekutora zvituru zvinonamatira muviri. Colostomy inonzi iyi.

APR yaiwanzorapwa kenza yekumashure munguva yakapfuura, asi varapi vakaona kuti nekushandisa radiation radiation uye chemotherapy ikozvino inogona kunge ichingodzivirirwa nguva dzese. APR inoshandiswa nhasi chete kana mamwe marapirwo asingashande kana gomarara richidzoka mushure mekurapwa.

Njodzi dzinogona kuitika uye mhedzisiro yekuvhiyiwa

Mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yekuvhiyiwa, kusanganisira hunhu hwekuvhiya uye hutano hwemunhu asati avhiyiwa, zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda. Mushure mekuita, vanhu vazhinji vanogona kunzwa kusanzwisisika, asi zvinogona kuitirwa nemushonga. Dzimwe nyaya dzinogona kusanganisira anesthesia reaction, kukuvara kwenhengo dziri padyo, kuzvimba, gumbo reropa, uye hutachiona.

APR inoita kunge iine mamwe mhedzisiro, mazhinji acho ari ekuvandudza anogara kwenguva refu. Unogona kukura zvinyama zvitsvuku (zvinodaidzwa kunamatira) mudumbu mako mushure meAPR, semuenzaniso, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuti nhengo kana zvinyama zvisunge pamwechete. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera chikafu chinopfuura nepakati pematumbo kusagadzikana kana kunetseka, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kumatambudziko ekugaya.

Mushure meAPR, vanhu vachiri kuda colostomy yekusingaperi. Izvi zvinotora imwe nguva kujairira kune mamwe mararamire shanduko uye zvinogona kureva ivo.

Iyo APR inogona kukonzeresa matambudziko eErection kune vanhurume, kunetseka kuwana iyo orgasm, kana iyo orgasm kugutsikana kunogona kushomeka zvakanyanya. APR inogona zvakare kukuvadza tsinga dzinodzora kukwirisa, zvichikonzera "kuoma" orgasms (orgasms isina urume).

Kazhinji, APR haikonzere vakadzi kurasikirwa nebasa rekuita bonde, asi dumbu (zvinyama zvinyoro) kunamatira kunogona kukonzera kurwadziwa panguva yekusangana.

Gomarara cancer radiation kurapwa

Radiation kurapa kurapwa kwekenza kunoparadza maseru ekenza kana kuvadzivirira kubva mukukudziridza vachishandisa yakanyanya-simba x-ray kana mamwe mafomu emwaranzi. Mhando mbiri dzeradiotherapy dziripo.

• Kuendesa mwaranzi kunharaunda yemuviri nekenza, kurapwa kwemwaranzi kwekunze kunoshandisa muchina kunze kwemuviri.
• Chinhu chine radioactive chakavharirwa mune tsono, mhodzi, tambo, kana makateti anoiswa akananga mukati kana padyo nekenza anoshandiswa mukati mekurapwa nemwaranzi

Iyo nzira iyo radiation radiation inopihwa zvinoenderana nerudzi uye nhanho yekenza iri kurapwa. Kunze uye kwemukati kurapwa kwemwaranzi kunoshandiswa kurapa gomarara repanhengo.

Nzira yakajairika yekurapa kenza yekurapwa nemwaranzi ndeye kushandisa rakatarisana danda remwaranzi rinouya kubva kumuchina kunze kwemuviri. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se kunze-danda radiation kurapwa.

Radiation inogona kukuvadza mativi ane hutano ari padyo pamwe nemaseru ekenza. Izvi zvinokonzera mhedzisiro. Kuti kuderedze njodzi yemhedzisiro, vanachiremba vanonyatsoongorora iwo chaiwo madosi aunoda uye vanonongedza iwo matanda nenzira chaiyo sezvavanogona. Kurapa kusati kwatanga, timu yemwaranzi inowana PET / CT kana MRI inoongorora yenzvimbo inofanirwa kurapwa kubatsira kuona izvi. Radiation kurapa yakafanana nekutora x-ray, asi radiation iri yakasimba. Maitiro acho pachawo haakuvadze. Kurapa kwega kwega kunongotora maminetsi mashoma, asi iyo yekumisikidza nguva - kukuisa iwe kunzvimbo yekurapwa - kazhinji inotora nguva yakareba. Kwenguva yemasvondo mashanu kana zvakadaro, kurapwa kunowanzo kupihwa mazuva mashanu pasvondo.

Matekinoroji matsva anotendera varapi kuti vape kenza ine mwero yakakwira yemwaranzi vachidzikisa mwaranzi kumatukisi ane hutano padhuze:

3D-CRT (matatu-mativi akafanana conformal radiation kurapwa) inoshandisa akakosha makomputa kunyatso chengetedza iyo kenza saiti. Radiation matanda anobva aumbwa kubva kunzira zhinji uye akanongedzwa kubundu. Izvi zvinoita kuti vasawanzo kuve neyakajairika matukisi akanganiswa. Kuti ubate panzvimbo imwechete nguva dzese, iwe ungangodaro wakagadzirwa nepurasitiki muforoma senge muviri wakakandirwa kuitira kuti radiation itungamidzwe zvakanyatsonaka.

Fomu yepamberi yekurapa kwe3-D uye nzira yakakurudzirwa yeEBRT yekenza yemukati ndiyo kusimba modulated radiation kurapwa (IMRT). Iyo inoshandisa komputa inotyairwa sisitimu iyo sezvo ichiendesa radiation, inonyatsofamba yakakukomberedza. Iko kusimba (kusimba) kwematanda kunogona kuchinjwa pamwe nekugadzira iwo matanda uye kuatarisira kubva pamakona akati wandei. Inobatsira kudzikisira muyero unopinda munyama zvinyama. IMRT inobatsira vanachiremba kupa yakanyanya yakanyanya kenza dosi.

Zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvekunze radiation kurapwa

Iyo mhedzisiro inosiyana zvichienderana nechikamu chemuviri chakarapwa uye neiyo radiation mwero wakapihwa. Mimwe mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yekushandisa kwenguva pfupi inosanganisira:

• Diarrhea
• Kuchinja kweganda (sekutsva nezuva) munzvimbo dziri kurapwa
• Ipfupi-yenguva anal anal kutsamwa uye kurwadziwa (inonzi radiation proctitis)
• Kusagadzikana panguva yekufamba ura
• Kuneta
• Nausea
• Yakaderera sero masero kuverenga

Radiation inogona kutsamwisa mukadzi mukati mevakadzi. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kusagadzikana uye kusunungurwa.

Mushure mekunge radiation yapera, mazhinji emhedzisiro yacho anowedzera kusimba nekufamba kwenguva.

Zvakare, kwenguva refu-mhedzisiro mhedzisiro inogona kuitika:

• Radiation kukuvara kune anal anal kunogona kukonzeresa vanga zvinyama kuumbika. Izvi zvinogona zvakare kudzivirira mhasuru yeanal sphincter kubva pakuita sezvazvinofanirwa, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kumatumbu kufamba.
• Pelvic radiation inogona kukuvadza mapfupa, ichisimudza njodzi yekukuvara kwepachiuno kana kwechiuno.
• Radiation inogona kukuvadza iyo midziyo yeropa iyo inosimbisa iyo rectum lining uye inokonzera isingaperi radiation radiation proctitis (kuzvimba kwetambo yeiyo rectum). Kubuda ropa chaiko uye kusagadzikana kunogona kukonzerwa neizvi.
• Radiation inogona kukanganisa kubereka (kugona kuve nevana) mune vese vakadzi nevarume. (Kune zvimwe pamusoro peizvi, ona Kubereka uye Varume Vane Kenza uye Kubereka uye Vakadzi Vane Kenza.)
• Radiation inogona kutungamira kuoma kwemukadzi uye kunyangwe kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi kutapudza kana kupfupisa (kunzi vaginal stenosis), izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zvepabonde zvinorwadza. Nokutambanudza madziro emukadzi wake kazhinji pasvondo mukadzi anogona kubatsira kunzvenga dambudziko iri. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuita izvi uchishandisa vaginal dilator (yepurasitiki kana yerabha chubhu inoshandiswa kutambanudza nyinyo).
• Inogona kutungamira kumatambudziko ekuzvimba munhengo dzekubereka nemumakumbo, inonzi lymphedema, kana radiation inopihwa kune lymph node mune iyo groin.

Yemukati radiation (brachytherapy)

Mukurapa kenza yekumashure, radiation yemukati haina kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Kana ichinge yashandiswa, kana bundu risingapindure kune zvakajairwa chemoradiation, inowanzo kupihwa sekuwedzera kwe radiation pamwe neiyo yekunze radiation (chemo pamwe neyekunze radiation).

Internal radiation requires the placing in or near the tumor of small sources of radioactive materials. It can also be called intracavitary radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. It is used to concentrate on the radiation in the cancer region.

Iyo mhedzisiro mhedzisiro iyo inogoneka yakawanda yakafanana neiya inoonekwa kubva kune ekunze radiation.

Kuwedzera-Modulated Anal Cancer Radiation Therapy

Maitiro akajairika emwaranzi yekenza yekumashure isimba -yakagadziriswa radiation radiation (IMRT). Icho chimiro chemwaranzi kubva kunze-kwedanda. IMRT inoshandisa tekinoroji yehunyanzvi yekombuta senge matanda emwaranzi anogona kuumbwa nemazvo kusvika padanho renharaunda yekurapa nechikwata chako chekutarisira.

Nyanzvi ye radiation radiation oncologists uye vezvechiremba mafizikisi vanounganidza ruzivo rwakakwana nezve nzvimbo yekurapa kurapwa kusati kwatanga. Unenge uine:

• CT scan kukamura bundu iri muna 3-D
• PET, CT, uye MRI inoongorora kuti uone mhedziso yebundu

Ruzivo urwu rwunoshandiswa nechikwata chako chekuchengeta pamwe nematurusi epamberi ekurapa-ekuronga. Tinogona kuyera iyo chaiyo nhamba yemwaranzi matanda uye iyo chaiyo kona yeaya matanda neichi chishandiso. Pamberi pekurapwa nemwaranzi, iwe unogona zvakare kuitirwa chemotherapy kunetesa maseru ekenza. Izvi zvinokonzera kuti radiation ive inoshanda.

Iyi nzira inotibatsira kupa bundu neakawanda madhiidhi emwaranzi tichichengetedza nyama yakanaka munzvimbo iripedyo.

Proton kurapa kwekenza yemukati

A type of radiation that uses charged particles called protons is proton therapy. X-rays are used by standard radiation. The risk of damage to healthy tissue may be reduced by proton therapy because proton beams do not reach past the tumor. It also helps us to provide higher radiation doses, maximizing the risk of tumor destruction.

A relatively recent approach is to use proton therapy to treat anal cancer. Its advantages are still being investigated by physicians. For the treatment of kenza yemusoro neyemutsipa and childhood cancers, proton therapy is most widely used.

Gomarara rekenza chemotherapy

Chemotherapy rudzi rwekurapa kenza inoshandisa mishonga kumisa gomarara sero kukura, kungave nekuparadza maseru kana nekudzivirira maseru kubva pakupatsanuka. Iyo mishonga inopinda muropa kana chemotherapy inotorwa nemuromo kana kuiswa mukati mutsinga kana mhasuru uye inogona kusvika masero ekenza mumuviri (systemic chemotherapy).

Mishonga miviri kana yakawanda inoshandiswa panguva imwechete mumamiriro mazhinji ezvinhu, sezvo mumwe mushonga unogona kuwedzera simba reumwe.

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) uye mitomycin ndiwo musanganiswa wakanyanya wemishonga inoshandiswa kurapa gomarara rezvemashure.
Iyo 5-FU uye cisplatin mubatanidzwa unoshandiswa zvakare, kunyanya kune vanhu vasingakwanise kuwana mitomycin kana vane advanced cancer cancer.

Mune aya marapirwo, 5-FU chinhu chinoshandiswa maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva kusvika mutsinga kwemazuva mana kana mashanu. Inoiswa mupombi diki yaunogona kutakura ukaenda nayo kumba. Pane mamwe mazuva mukati menguva yekurapa, iyo mimwe mishonga inoitiswa nekukurumidza. Uye kweanenge mavhiki mashanu, radiation inoendeswa mazuva mashanu pasvondo.

Zvimwe zvinokanganisa chemo

Chemo zvinodhaka zvinorwisa nekukurumidza kupatsanura masero, ndosaka vachirwisa cancer maseru. Asi mamwe maseru mumuviri anoparadzanisa nekukasira, senge ari mumongo wepfupa (panogadzirwa masero matsva eropa), mutsetse wemuromo uye ura, uye bvudzi rebvudzi. Chemo, zvakare, zvakare inogona kukanganisa aya maseru, ayo anogona kutungamira kumhedzisiro. Mhedzisiro mhedzisiro inotsamira pauwandu hwemishonga inoshandiswa huwandu hwakatorwa uye nguva yekurapwa. Ipfupi-temu mhedzisiro mhedzisiro iyo yakajairwa inogona kusanganisira:

• Nausea uye kurutsa
• Kufirwa kwechido
• Kuora bvudzi
• Diarrhea
• Makuvara emuromo

Varwere vanogona kunge vane yakaderera masero eropa kuverenga nekuti chemo inogona kuparadza maseru-anogadzira maseru emapfupa emongo. Izvi zvinotungamira ku:

• Mukana wakawedzera wehutachiona (nekuda kwekushomeka kwemasero machena eropa)
• Kubuda ropa kana kupwanya mushure mekucheka kudiki kana kukuvara (nekuda kwekushomeka kwemaplatelet eropa)
• Kuneta kana kupfupika kwemweya (nekuda kwepasi tsvuku masero eropa kuverenga).

• Makomendi Akavharwa
• Nyamavhuvhu 2nd, 2020