Immuno-oncology is a way to treat cancer by using the body’s immune system. BiTE (bispecific T-cell engager) technology is a targeted immuno-oncology platform that binds a patient’s own T cells to cancer cells. Because BiTE technology is flexible, it is easy to make molecules that attack tumor-specific antigens, which makes immuno-oncotherapy possible. Blinatumomab was the first standard BiTE molecule to be approved. It targets CD19 surface antigens on B cells and is mostly unaffected by genetic changes or escape mechanisms inside cells. More BiTE molecules are being made to treat other blood cancers (like multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukaemia, and B-cell ba Hodgkin lymphoma) and solid tumours (like prostate cancer, glioblastoma, stomach cancer, and small-cell lung cancer). BiTE molecules that have a longer half-life than the standard ones are also being made. With BiTE technology, advances in immuno-oncology could make it easier to treat both blood and solid tumours and make them more effective when used with other treatments.
Menene maganin BiTe?
Immuno-oncology therapies are scientifically proven ways to treat different types of solid and cutar kansa. Hematologic cancers are a good fit for treatments that target the immune system because cancerous blood cells move around with immune cells. Several immunotherapy maganin ciwon daji na cikin aiki.
Monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitors that stop the binding of checkpoint proteins (like PD-1 and CTLA-4) are useful against many types of cancer. They work well and are safe for many solid tumours, especially when they target PD-1. Non-small-cell lung, kidney, and bladder cancers have all been treated successfully with these drugs. But many people don’t react to checkpoint inhibitors or get sick again after taking them. Except for non-Hodgkin linzoma, most results on hematologic cancers have been disappointing, especially for myeloma and leukaemia, where the overall response rate in approved indications ranges from 12.0% to 48.5%.8-15.
Other immuno-oncology treatments, on the other hand, have a higher success rate. Chimeric antigen-receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies change a patient’s T cells to attack a specific cellular antigen, such as CD19 in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in the treatment of Multi myeloma (MM). CAR T-cell treatments have shown promise in treating hematologic cancers. They haven’t been as effective in treating solid tumours, but there have been some good results with neuroblastoma, human epidermal growth factor receptor tumours, and non-small-cell lung cancer. The genetic modification and in vitro multiplication of T cells take a long and complicated manufacturing process. This is a downside of this therapy because it makes it harder for patients to get this treatment quickly and in large numbers. The fact that lymphodepletion through chemotherapy preparation must be done first as a requirement for improved effectiveness is also a drawback.
BiTE (bispecific T-cell engager) hanyoyin kwantar da hankali suna danganta ƙwayoyin T na majiyyaci zuwa antigens da ke bayyana ƙari. Wannan yana kunna ikon cytotoxic na ƙwayoyin T na majiyyaci don kashe kansa ba tare da canza kwayoyin halittar T ba ko buƙatar girma ko sarrafa su a waje na jiki. Ana iya amfani da ƙwayoyin BiTE su kaɗai a matsayin magunguna ko tare da wasu jiyya don ƙara tasiri.
Tsarin aiki na BiTe
BiTE molecules are antibody constructs with two binding domains. One recognises tumor-expressed antigens (such as BCMA, CD19, or -like protein [DLL3]), and the other, CD3, recognises T cells (Fig. 1). Two single-chain variable fragment (scFv) regions from monoclonal antibodies are connected by a flexible peptide linker to make the binding domains. The first scFv binding region can be changed to target any surface antigen, so it can be used right away to treat a wide range of tumours and can be used again later. The second scFv binding region always binds to CD3, which is a part of the T-cell receptor complex that never changes. When a BiTE molecule interacts with both a cytotoxic T cell and a tumour cell, the T cells begin to multiply. This increases the amount of effector cells and makes BiTE therapy more effective. Then, the death of cancer cells is started. BiTE molecules can get any T cells to do this because they don’t need co-stimulation or the usual processes of the major histocompatibility complex.
Blinatumomab is the first and only BiTE therapy that has been approved. It targets the CD19 receptor on both normal and cancerous B cells. It is a highly potent molecule with cytotoxic effects seen at low exposures (10–100 pg/mL)26. In its presence, T cells can perform serial-target lysis, quickly binding to and killing many cells. This is how BiTE therapies work, and it can be seen in other BiTE molecules that are still in research. In m lymphoblastic cutar sankarar bargo (ALL), blinatumomab has been shown to be effective and safe. In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration gave it fast approval, and in 2017, it got full approval for relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL. In 2018, accelerated approval was given to blinatummab for treating BCP-ALL with minimum residual disease (MRD). This was the first approval for this use. In November 2015, the European Medicines Agency also gave it a green light for BCP-ALL with a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) that is negative and R/R. Blinatumomab is approved for R/R BCP-ALL in adults and children in 57 countries, including Japan, all countries in the European Union, Canada, and Australia.
Blinatumomab don kula da marasa lafiya tare da BCP-ALL
Blinatumomab ya canza yadda ake bi da BCP-ALL. Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kula da lafiya (SOC) chemotherapy, ya ƙara yawan rayuwa gaba ɗaya (OS) kuma ya rage adadin wasu illolin (AEs). Yawancin bincike mai mahimmanci, ciki har da gwaje-gwajen da bazuwar, sun nuna cewa blinatumomab yana da lafiya kuma yana aiki ga BCP-ALL a cikin manya da yara. CAR T-cell far, akwai kawai bayanai daga 2 nazarin hannu guda biyu (clinicaltrials.gov IDs NCT01626495 da NCT01029366) wanda aka yi wa yara 25 (shekaru 5-22) da 5 manya (shekaru 26-60) tare da R/R BCP-ALL da T-cell ALL. Amma sakamakon yana da alƙawarin (cikakkiyar amsa [CR] a cikin 90%, haɓakawa mai dorewa tare da rayuwa kyauta na watanni 6 a cikin 67%, da ƙimar rayuwa gabaɗaya [OS] na 78% [bibi na tsakiya, watanni 7; kewayon, watanni 1-24]).
Nazarin TOWER (A Phase 3, Randomized, Open Label Study Bincika Tasirin BiTE Antibody Blinatumomab Versus Standard of Chemotherapy a Adult Subjects With Relapsed/Refractory B-Precursor ALL; clinicaltrials.gov identifier of chemotherapy precursor NCT02013167) manya da Ph-negative, R/R BCP-ALL. Saboda mutane sun daɗe suna rayuwa, an dakatar da binciken da wuri. AEs a cikin ƙungiyar blinatumomab sun kasance daidai da waɗanda aka gani a cikin binciken da suka gabata, kuma blinatumomab yana da ƙananan haɓaka-daidaitawar AE fiye da SOC.34 Blinatumomab kuma yana aiki ga mutanen da ke da Ph-positive, R / R BCP-ALL da yara tare da Ph-negative, R / R BCP-ALL.
30% to 50% of people with BCP-ALL in complete hematologic remission show persistent MRD. In the single-arm, phase 2 BLAST study (A Confirmatory Multicenter, Single-Arm Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of the BiTE Antibody Blinatumomab in Adult Patients With MRD of B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia; clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01207388), blinatumomab was tested on patients with BCP-ALL in first or later complete After blinatumomab treatment, 78% of patients who were MRD positive became MRD negative. The 5-year OS study showed a median OS of 36.5 months, and more than half of those who had a complete MRD response after the first cycle of blinatumomab were still alive at 5 years, which suggests that the treatment might be able to cure some patients. AEs were seen that were linked to cytokine saki ciwo (CRS).31 Other studies, like NCT03023878 and NCT03340766, are still looking at blinatumomab in first-line settings and in combination with other treatments.
CD19-targeted treatments have been linked to failure because of the loss of CD19 antigen after treatment. The failure rates for blinatumomab range from 8% to 35%, and for CAR T-cell hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, they range from 39% to 65%.36-40 We don’t fully understand what causes therapy to fail, but one possibility is immunoediting, in which antigen loss is caused by a T-cell-dependent process called immunoselection, which lets tumour cells get away.41 Lineage switch and epitope loss under therapy pressure have also been suggested as ways for tumours to escape treatment. However, a recent study on epitope loss found that some CD19 isoforms that help CAR T-cells escape were already present at the time of diagnosis. This suggests that combining treatments might be helpful. Another thing that can cause immunotherapy to fail is called “inhibitory T-cell signalling.” In this case, the blocking programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is interesting because it is more common in B-cell ALL cells from patients who don’t respond to blinatumomab and can make CD3 BiTE molecules less effective.43 By making a CD28/PD-L1 BiTE that triggers the CD28 co-stimulatory signal instead of the inhibitory signaling pathway that is usually seen when a T cell binds to a PD-L1-expressing cancer cell, this inhibition could be turned off.43 Dual-targeted CAR T cells are also being looked into as a way to make up for the loss of tumour antigens. This can be done by modifying each T cell with 2 CAR molecules and 2 different binding domains (dual-signaling CAR) or by putting 2 different binding domains on 1 CAR molecule at the same time (TanCAR).
Abubuwan da ba su da kyau tare da BiTE da sarrafa shi
A cikin nazarin asibiti na blinatumomab, mafi yawan AEs sune zazzabi, ƙananan adadin jinin jini, da ƙananan platelet. Wasu daga cikin mahimman haɗari sune CRS, neurotoxicity, da kurakuran ƙwayoyi. Neurotoxicity kuma na iya faruwa tare da CD19-takamaiman jiyya na CAR T-cell, amma yana iya zama ba saboda CD19 ba. Sakamakon binciken lokaci na 1/1b wanda har yanzu ke gudana game da maƙasudan CD20/CD3 ya nuna cewa CNS AEs na aji 3 ko mafi girma ba su da yawa (3% na duk aji 3 AEs). Yawancin lokaci, halayen blinatumomab ga CRS yana da sauƙi, amma a lokuta masu wuyar gaske, yana iya zama mai tsanani har ma da haɗari. Ana iya rage halayen kumburi tare da corticosteroids. Don rage damar CRS, yana da kyau a ba da jiko na prednisone ko dexamethasone kafin kashi na farko na blinatummab kuma a kara yawan kashi a hankali. Wannan amfani da corticosteroids kafin sauran kwayoyin BiTE ya ba da dalilin amfani da dexamethasone a matsayin riga-kafi yayin amfani da wasu kwayoyin BiTE. Duk da haka, ba a bayyana ko za a iya amfani da wannan tasirin a kan dukkanin dandalin BiTE ba, kuma ana duba wasu hanyoyin da za a magance CRS. Interleukin 6 shine cytokine wanda ke haifar da CRS kuma yana da yawa a cikin mutanen da ke da shi. Tocilizumab, wanda ke toshe mai karɓar interleukin-6, an yi amfani da shi don magance CRS wanda ke da mummunan rauni bayan CAR T-cell.
