Retinoblastoma

I-retina, ulwelwesi oluthambile ngaphakathi kweso, yilapho i-retinoblastoma, umdlavuza wamehlo, iqala khona. Nakuba kungavamile ukuthinta abantu abadala, i-retinoblastoma ivamise ukuphatha izingane ezincane.

Izicubu zezinzwa ezakha i-retina zizwa ukukhanya njengoba zingena esweni lakho zisuka ngaphambili. Ubuchopho bakho buhumusha izimpawu ezithunyelwa yi-retina ngenzwa ye-optic njengezithombe.

I-Retinoblastoma, uhlobo olungavamile lomdlavuza wamehlo, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu oluthinta amehlo ezingane. Ihlo elilodwa noma womabili angase athuthuke i-retinoblastoma.

I-retinoblastoma iqala kanjani?

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa, amehlo aqala ukukhula. Ama-retinoblasts amangqamuzana akhona ezigabeni zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kwamehlo futhi aziphindaphinda ukuze akhiqize amaseli amasha e-retinal. Lawa maseli ekugcineni ayayeka ukwanda futhi athuthuke abe amangqamuzana e-retina avuthiwe.

Kuyenzeka kancane ukuthi le nqubo ihambe kabi. Amanye ama-retinoblasts awavuthwa; esikhundleni salokho, akhula ngokungalawuleki futhi athuthuke abe yi-retinoblastoma embi.

I-Retinoblastoma ibangelwa uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezenzakalo zamaselula, kodwa cishe ngokungaguquki luqala ngoshintsho (ukuguqulwa) kufuzo lwe-RB1. Ukuguqulwa kofuzo lwe-RB1 kuyivimbela ekusebenzeni ngendlela okufanele, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isakhi sofuzo se-RB1 esivamile sisiza ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwamaseli okungalawuleki. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-retinoblastomas ezingakhula kuye ngokuthi ufuzo lwe-RB1 luguqulwa kuphi futhi nini.

Izinhlobo ze-retinoblastoma

I-Congenital (enofuzo) i-retinoblastoma

Ingane eyodwa kwezintathu ezine-retinoblastoma inokuguqulwa kofuzo lwe-RB1 oluzalwa nayo (olukhona lapho izalwa) futhi luthinta wonke amangqamuzana omzimba, kuhlanganise nawo wonke amangqamuzana e-retina. Ukuguqulwa kwegciwane yilokho okuyikho.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lokhu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi “ifa” (noma “ifa”), ukuguqulwa kofuzo lwe-RB1 akudluliselwa kubazali ngobuningi balezi zingane, futhi awukho umlando womndeni walo mdlavuza. Isikhathi sokuqala sishintsha isakhi sofuzo kulezi zingane kulapho zisakhula esibelethweni. Iningi lezingane ezizalwa nalokhu kuguqulwa kofuzo alikutholi kubazali bazo.

I-retinoblastoma yamazwe amabili, ethinta womabili amehlo ezinsaneni ezisanda kuzalwa ngokuguqulwa kofuzo lwe-RB1, ivamise ukufaka izimila ezimbalwa ngaphakathi kweso (ezaziwa ngokuthi i-multifocal retinoblastoma).

Ngoba wonke amaseli asemzimbeni ashintshile RB1 gene, lezi zingane nazo zisengozini enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

• Inombolo encane yezingane ezinalolu hlobo lwe-retinoblastoma izothuthukisa enye isisu ebuchosheni, ngokuvamile ku-pineal gland phansi kobuchopho (i-pineoblastoma). Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi I-retinoblastoma yesithathu.
• Ukuze abasindile ye-hereditary retinoblastoma, ingozi yokuthola ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza kamuva ekuphileni nayo iphakeme kunesilinganiso

I-retinoblastoma ye-sporadic (engaphili).

Ukukhubazeka kofuzo lwe-RB1 kubonakala kuphela kuseli elilodwa esweni elilodwa cishe ezinganeni ezi-2 kwezingu-3 ezine-retinoblastoma. Ukuthi yini edala lolu shintsho akwaziwa. Isimila esisodwa sivela kuphela esweni elilodwa enganeni ene-sporadic (non-herritable) retinoblastoma. Uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abanesimo sofuzo, lolu hlobo lwe-retinoblastoma luvame ukutholakala lapho ingane isikhulile kancane.

Ingozi yokwanda komdlavuza ezinganeni ezinalolu hlobo lwe-retinoblastoma ayiphezulu njengoba injalo kulezo ezine-congenital retinoblastoma.

Izimpawu

Ngenxa yokuthi i-retinoblastoma ithinta kakhulu izinsana nezingane ezincane, izimpawu azivamile. Izimpawu ongaziqaphela zihlanganisa:

• Umbala omhlophe phakathi kwendingilizi yeso (umfundi) lapho ukukhanya kukhanya emehlweni, njengalapho othile ethatha isithombe esibanele somntwana.
• Amehlo abonakala ebheke ezinhlangothini ezahlukene
• Ukungaboni kahle
• Ukubomvu kwamehlo
• Ukuvuvukala kwamehlo

Izinkinga ze-retinoblastoma

Lapho amangqamuzana ezinzwa ze-retina ehlangabezana nokungajwayelekile kofuzo, imiphumela ye-retinoblastoma. Lapho amangqamuzana anempilo efa ngenxa yalezi zinguquko, amaseli ayaqhubeka ekhula futhi ehlukana. Kuvela isimila kuleli qoqo elikhulayo lamaseli.

Iso nezakhiwo eziseduze zingaphinde zihlaselwe amaseli e-retinoblastoma. Ubuchopho nomgogodla ezinye izingxenye ezimbili zomzimba lapho i-retinal blastoma ingaba metastasis.

Akucaci ukuthi yini ebangela ukuguqulwa kofuzo okukhiqiza i-retinoblastoma ezimweni eziningi. Nokho, uguquko lwezakhi zofuzo lungadluliselwa enzalweni evela kubazali.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-retinoblastoma

I-retinoblastomas ivame ukutholakala lapho ingane ivakashela udokotela ngenxa yezimpawu ezithile noma izimpawu.

I-biopsy iyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza. Isampula lesimila sikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezicubu futhi sithunyelwe elebhu ukuze sihlolwe ngesibonakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko, ama-biopsies awavamile ukuxilonga i-retinoblastoma.

Kunzima ukuthatha isampula ye-biopsy eqhumeni lamehlo ngaphandle kokufaka iso engozini futhi kube nengozi yamangqamuzana omdlavuza asakazeka ngaphandle kweso. Odokotela abanolwazi lokwelapha lesi simo bangakwazi ukubona i-retinoblastoma ngokunembile ngaphandle kokwenza i-biopsy, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe iphutha nezinye izimo zamehlo ezingane.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba

Udokotela uzohlola amehlo engane yakho futhi athole umlando ophelele wezokwelapha ukuze afunde kabanzi mayelana nezimpawu zengane yakho uma ibonisa noma yiziphi izinkomba noma izimpawu ze-retinoblastoma. Umlando womndeni we-retinoblastoma noma ezinye izimila nazo zingavezwa udokotela. Lapho unquma ukuthi izivivinyo eziningi nezivivinyo ziyadingeka yini, lokhu kungabaluleka. Umlando womndeni wakho ungakusiza futhi ukuthi unqume ukuthi amalungu omndeni engeziwe angase azuze yini ekuhlolweni kofuzo nokwelulekwa uma benezingane ezincane, okungenzeka adlulisele ufuzo lwe-retinoblastoma (RB1) enzalweni yabo, noma uma bona benomdlavuza.

Udokotela wamehlo (uchwepheshe obhekele izifo zamehlo) uzothunyelwa kuwena uma kusolwa i-retinoblastoma. Udokotela wamehlo uzohlola kakhulu iso ukuze aqiniseke kabanzi mayelana nokuxilongwa. Ukuze ahlole ingaphakathi leso, udokotela wamehlo uzosebenzisa izibani ezikhethekile nezingilazi zokukhulisa. Ukuze udokotela ahlole ingane ngokucophelela nangokucophelela, ingane ngokuvamile idinga ukulala (ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia jikelele) phakathi nenqubo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezithombe kuzokwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwe-retinoblastoma uma kubonakala kuzwakala kusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwamehlo. Lezi zivivinyo zizosiza futhi ukucacisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuqhubeke kude kangakanani ngaphakathi kweso futhi mhlawumbe nakwezinye izifunda zomzimba. Isinqumo sokugcina senziwa i-ocular oncologist, udokotela wamehlo ogxile ekwelapheni umdlavuza wamehlo. Ithimba lezokwelapha elelapha umdlavuza kufanele lifake nalo dokotela.

Ukuhlola ukuhlolwa

Ukuhlolwa kwesithombe kusebenzisa ama-x-reyi, amaza omsindo, amandla kazibuthe, noma izinto ezikhipha imisebe ukudala izithombe zangaphakathi emzimbeni. Ukuhlolwa kwesithombe kungenziwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, ezihlanganisa:

• Ukusiza ukutshela ukuthi isimila esweni kungenzeka kube i-retinoblastoma
• Ukunquma ukuthi sikhulu kangakanani isimila nokuthi sesabalale kangakanani
• Ukusiza ukunquma ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyasebenza yini

Izingane okucatshangwa ukuthi zine-retinoblastoma zingase zibe nokuhlolwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu.

I-Optical coherence tomography (OCT) iwuhlobo olufanayo lokuhlola olusebenzisa amaza okukhanya esikhundleni samaza omsindo ukudala izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi yengemuva leso.

I-MRI

Ukusebenzisa amaza omsakazo kanye nozibuthe abanamandla, i I-MRI scan ikhiqiza izithombe eziqondile (esikhundleni sama-x-ray). Ngenxa yokuthi zinikeza izithombe ezingenayo imisebe, ezinemininingwane eminingi yeso nendawo elizungezile, izikena ze-MRI zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga i-retinoblastoma. Lokhu kuhlola kuhle kakhulu ekuhloleni ubuchopho nomgogodla.

Ukuskena kwe-MRI ngokuvamile kuzokwenziwa ezigulini ze-retinoblastoma njengengxenye yokuhlola kwazo kokuqala. Ochwepheshe abaningi bezokwelapha bayaqhubeka nokwenza izikena ze-MRI zobuchopho ezinganeni ezine-retinoblastomas ezinhlangothini zombili (izimila emehlweni womabili) iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokwelashwa ukuze zihlole izimila ze-pineal gland (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-trilateral retinoblastoma).

Lokhu kuhlola kungase kudinge ukuthi ingane yakho ilale ngaphakathi kweshubhu elincane, elikhawulelayo futhi elingajabulisi. Kudingeka ukuthula okude nalokhu kuhlolwa. Ukugcina izingane ezincane zizolile noma zilele ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, imithi ingase inikezwe zona.

I-CT Scan

Usayizi wesimila se-retinoblastoma kanye nezinga lokusatshalaliswa kwaso ngaphakathi kweso kanye nasezicutshini ezizungezile kokubili kunganqunywa kusetshenziswa izikena ze-CT.

I-CT noma i-MRI scan ngokuvamile iyadingeka, kodwa hhayi kokubili. Njengoba ama-CT scan esebenzisa ama-x-ray, angandisa amathuba engane okuthuthukisa eminye imidlavuza esikhathini esizayo, odokotela abaningi bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-MRI esikhundleni salokho. Lapho ukuxilongwa kwe-retinoblastoma kungacacile, i-CT scan ingaveza idiphozithi ye-calcium esimila ngokucace kakhulu kune-MRI.

Ukuskena kweBone

Uma i-retinoblastoma iqhubekele ogebhezini noma kwamanye amathambo, ukuskena kwethambo kungasiza ukuveza lokhu. Ukuskena amathambo ngokuvamile akudingekile ezinganeni ezine-retinoblastoma. Kuphela uma kunesisekelo esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi i-retinoblastoma ingase isakaze ngaphandle kweso lapho isetshenziswa khona ngokujwayelekile.

Inani elincane leleveli ephansi ye-radioactive material lijovwa egazini kulokhu kuhlolwa, lapho liya khona emathanjeni. I-radioactivity ingatholwa ngekhamera ekhethekile, ethatha isithombe sohlaka lwamathambo.

Kuskena, "izindawo ezishisayo" zimelela izifunda zokushintsha kwamathambo ashukumisayo. Lawa machashaza angase abonise ukuba khona komdlavuza, nakuba iphethini efanayo ingase ibangelwe nezinye izifo zamathambo. Okunye ukuhlolwa, ama-x-ray anjalo noma izikena ze-MRI zethambo, kungase kudingeke ukusiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalokhu.

Ukuhlolwa kofuzo

Uma ingane kutholakala ukuthi ine-retinoblastoma, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi isimo siyafuzwa yini (sokuzalwa) noma asinakuzuzwa.

Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ingane ine-retinoblastoma yofuzo uma kutholakala izimila emehlweni womabili (i-bilateral retinoblastoma) (ngisho noma ungekho umlando womndeni walesi sifo). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi wonke amangqamuzana akuwo aphethe isakhi sofuzo esishintshashintshayo se-RB1. Isakhi sofuzo se-RB1 esiguquguqukayo singase sibe khona kuwo wonke amaseli ezinye izingane ezine-retinoblastoma esweni elilodwa nje.

Ukuze uhlole ukushintsha kofuzo lwe-RB1 kumangqamuzana angaphandle kweso, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungenziwa. Lokhu kuhlolwa kunganquma ukuthi ingabe ingane ine-retinoblastoma etholakalayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo ingane enalo njengoba labo abane-retinoblastoma yofuzo bengenwa kalula eminye imidlavuza kamuva ekuphileni futhi maningi amathuba okuba babe nomdlavuza uma bethola ukwelashwa ngemisebe. Ngemva kokwelashwa, lezi zingane zizodinga ukuqapha okuseduze. (Buka Ukwelashwa Okulandelayo.) Ukwengeza, ngayinye yenzalo yayo iyoba nethuba elingu-1 kwangu-2 lokuthola ukuguqulwa kofuzo lwe-RB1 kuyo.

Amanye amalungu omndeni, njengabafowabo noma odadewabo, okungenzeka ukuthi bane-RB1 gene mutation, bangathinteka uma ingane iba uhlobo lofuzo lwe-retinoblastoma. Ungafunda kabanzi ngale ngozi kanye nokuthi ingabe ezinye izingane emndenini kufanele zihlolelwe uguquko ngokuhlangana nomeluleki wofuzo.

Kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlola akukwazi ukucacisa ngokuphelele ukuthi ingabe ingane ithole ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwe-RB1. Inkambo evikeleke kakhulu ngaphansi kwalezi zimo iwukuqapha eduze ingane (kanye nezinye izingane emndenini) ukuthola i-retinoblastoma ngokuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile.

Biopsy

I-biopsy, ehilela ukuthatha isampula yethishu esimila bese uyihlola ngesibonakhulu, iyadingeka ukuze kuhlonzwe iningi lezifo ezimbi. Akwenzeki neze ukwenziwa ukuhlonza i-retinoblastoma njengoba ukuzama ukwenza i-biopsy isimila esingemuva kweso kungabangela ukulimala esweni futhi kungase kusabalalise amaseli wesimila. Esikhundleni salokho, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha basekela ukuxilongwa kwabo ekuhlolweni kwe-imaging kanye nokuhlolwa kwamehlo njengalezi ezishiwo ngenhla. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi ukuxilongwa kwe-retinoblastoma kwenziwe ngochwepheshe.

Ukukhishwa kwe-Lumbar

I-optic nerve, exhuma iso nobuchopho, ngezinye izikhathi ingaba ne-retinoblastomas. Lokhu kuhlola kuvame ukubona amangqamuzana omdlavuza kumasampula oketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal (CSF), uketshezi oluzungeza ubuchopho nomgogodla, uma umdlavuza usuthuthele phezu kobuchopho. Ukubhoboza i-lumbar ngokuvamile akudingekile ezinganeni ezine-retinoblastoma. Isetshenziswa kakhulu uma kunesizathu sokusola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-retinoblastoma iye ebuchosheni.

Ingane ngokuvamile inikezwa isibulali-zinzwa salokhu kuhlolwa ukuze izozele futhi inganyakazi phakathi nenqubo. Lokhu kungasiza isiqinisekiso sompompi ohlanzekile womgogodla. Isifunda esisemuva phezu komgogodla siqala ukwenziwa ndikindiki ngudokotela. Uketshezi lube selukhishwa ngobumnene bese luyiswa elebhu ukuze luhlaziywe kusetshenziswa inaliti encane, engenalutho eshuthekwa phakathi kwamathambo omgogodla.

I-Bone marrow aspiration kanye ne-biopsy

Lokhu kuhlolwa okubili kungenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi umdlavuza usudlulele emnkantsheni, ingaphakathi elithambile lamanye amathambo. Ngaphandle uma i-retinoblastoma ithuthuke yadlula iso futhi ochwepheshe bezokwelapha banesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ithinte umnkantsha, lezi zivivinyo ngokuvamile azidingeki.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kuqedwa kanyekanye. Ezimweni eziningi, amasampula aqoqwa ngemuva kwethambo le-pelvic (hip), nakuba angase avele kwamanye amathambo. Ingane ngokuvamile inikezwa isibulali-zinzwa ukuze iquleke ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.

Inani elincane lomnkantsha owuketshezi lifuthwa ngesirinji ngemva kokumuncwa ethanjeni kusetshenziswa inaliti encane, engenalutho esetshenziselwa ukuphefumula komnkantsha.

Ngemuva kwe-aspiration, i-bone marrow biopsy yenziwa kaningi. Ngenaliti enkudlwana edonselwa phansi ethanjeni, kukhishwa ingcosana yethambo nomnkantsha. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwe-biopsy, ingcindezi isetshenziswa endaweni ukusiza ekunqandeni noma yikuphi ukopha.

Ngemva kwalokho, ilebhu izohlola amasampula ukuze ihlole amaseli anomdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa kwe-retinoblastoma

Ukuhlinzwa

Kuma-retinoblastoma amaningi, ikakhulukazi lawo anezimila ezincane, ukuhlinzwa akudingekile.

Kodwa-ke, uma isimila sesisikhulu lapho sitholwa, kungenzeka ukuthi selilahlekile, mancane amathuba okuthi lilulame. I-Enucleation, ukuhlinzwa ukuze kukhishwe iso lonke kanye nengxenye ye-optic nerve exhunywe kulo, kuyinkambo evamile yokwelapha kulesi simo.

Uma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha okuhloswe ngazo ukuzama ukusindisa iso zingaphumeleli ekwelapheni umdlavuza, kungase kudingeke ukuthi kukhishwe i-enucleation.

Inqubo yenziwa nengane ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ejwayelekile (ebuthongweni obujulile). I-eyeball ngokuvamile ithathelwa indawo i-orbital implant ngesikhathi senqubo efanayo. Ukufakelwa kwakhiwe nge-hydroxyapatite noma i-silicone (into efana nethambo). Kufanele inyakaze ngendlela efanayo naleyo iso ngoba ixhumene nemisipha enyakazisa iso.

Ngokunokwenzeka, ingane yakho izovunyelwa ukuba iphume esibhedlela ngalolo suku noma ngakusasa.

Ungathatha ingane yakho uyiyise kudokotela wamehlo emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, futhi uzomenzela iso lokufakelwa. Leli igobolondo elincanyana elifana nelensi enkulu yokuxhumana futhi lishibilika phezu kokufakelwa kwe-orbital nangaphansi kwamajwabu amehlo. Izolingana nombala nombala njengelinye iso. Kuyoba nzima kakhulu ukulihlukanisa neso langempela uma selisendaweni.

Ukukhipha amehlo womabili kungashiya umuntu eyimpumputhe ngokuphelele uma i-retinoblastoma ithinta womabili amehlo. Lokhu kungase kube inkambo engcono kakhulu yesenzo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umdlavuza ususiwe uma kungekho iso elinombono osebenzayo ngenxa yomonakalo ohlobene nomdlavuza owenziwe ngaphambilini. Nokho, odokotela bangase basikisele ukuzama ezinye izindlela zokwelapha kuqala uma kunethuba lokulondoloza umbono owusizo kwelinye noma womabili iso.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy iwukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa esebenzisa amakhemikhali ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ezinganeni ezine-retinoblastoma, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kungasiza ekunciphiseni isimila ukuze okunye ukwelashwa, okufana ne-cryotherapy noma i-laser therapy, kusetshenziswe ukwelapha amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele. Lokhu kungase kuthuthukise amathuba okuthi ingane yakho ngeke idinge ukuhlinzwa ukuze ikhiphe iso.

Izinhlobo ze-chemotherapy ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-retinoblastoma zihlanganisa:

• I-Chemotherapy ehamba kuwo wonke umzimba. Imithi yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali enikezwa ngokusebenzisa a umkhumbi wegazi uzohamba wonke umzimba ukubulala umdlavuza amaseli.
• I-chemotherapy ejovwe eduze kwesimila. Uhlobo olukhethekile lokwelapha ngamakhemikhali, olwaziwa nge-intra-arterial chemotherapy, luletha umuthi ngqo esimila ngeshubhu elincane (i-catheter) esemthanjeni ohlinzeka igazi esweni. Udokotela angase afake ibhaluni elincane emthanjeni wegazi ukuze agcine umuthi useduze nesimila.
• I-Chemotherapy ifakwa esweni. I-Intravitreal chemotherapy ihilela ukujova izidakamizwa ze-chemotherapy ngqo esweni.

Ukwelashwa kwamafutha

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusebenzisa amandla anamandla amakhulu, njengama-X-ray nama-proton, ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Izinhlobo zokwelapha ngemisebe ezisetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-retinoblastoma zifaka:

• Imisebe yendawo. Phakathi nemisebe yendawo, ebizwa nangokuthi i-plaque radiotherapy noma i-brachytherapy, idivayisi yokwelapha ibekwe okwesikhashana eduze kwesimila.

  Imisebe yendawo ye-retinoblastoma isebenzisa idiski elincane eliqukethe imbewu yezinto ezikhipha imisebe. Idiski ithungwe endaweni yayo futhi ishiywe izinsuku ezimbalwa kuyilapho ikhipha imisebe kancane kancane esimila.

  Ukubeka imisebe eduze kwesimila kunciphisa ithuba lokuthi ukwelashwa kuzothinta izicubu ezinempilo ngaphandle kweso. Lolu hlobo lwe-radiotherapy ngokuvamile lusetshenziselwa izimila ezingaphenduli ku-chemotherapy.

• Imisebe ye-beam yangaphandle. Imisebe ye-beam yangaphandle iletha imishayo enamandla amakhulu esimila isuka emshinini omkhulu ongaphandle komzimba. Njengoba ingane yakho ilele etafuleni, umshini uhamba uzungeza ingane yakho, iletha imisebe.

  Imisebe ye-beam yangaphandle ingabangela imiphumela engemihle lapho imishayo yemisebe ifinyelela ezindaweni ezithambile ezizungeze iso, njengobuchopho. Ngalesi sizathu, imisebe ye-beam yangaphandle ngokuvamile igcinelwe izingane ezine-retinoblastoma ethuthukisiwe.

I-Laser therapy (i-transpupillary thermotherapy)

Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nge-laser, i-laser yokushisa isetshenziselwa ukubhubhisa ngokuqondile amangqamuzana e-tumor.

Ukwelashwa okubandayo (cryotherapy)

I-Cryotherapy isebenzisa amakhaza amakhulu ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ngesikhathi se-cryotherapy, into ebanda kakhulu, njenge-nitrogen ewuketshezi, ifakwa noma eduze kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lapho amangqamuzana eseyiqhwa, into ebandayo iyasuswa futhi amangqamuzana ayancibilika. Le nqubo yokuqandisa nokuncibilika, ephindaphindwa izikhathi ezimbalwa esimisweni ngasinye se-cryotherapy, ibangela ukuba amangqamuzana anomdlavuza afe.