Cancer

Uyini umdlavuza?

Umdlavuza ubhekisela kunoma yiziphi izifo eziningi ezibonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana angavamile ahlukanisa ngokungenakulawuleka akwazi ukungena futhi abulale izicubu zomzimba ezivamile. Umdlavuza unamandla okusabalala umzimba wonke.

Umdlavuza uyimbangela yesibili yokufa kwabantu emhlabeni. Kodwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomdlavuza, amazinga okusinda ayathuthuka, ngenxa yentuthuko ekuhlolweni komdlavuza nokunakekelwa komdlavuza.

Incazelo yomdlavuza

Ngokwesichazamazwi se-NCI samagama omdlavuza incazelo ithi:

“Igama elisho izifo lapho amangqamuzana angajwayelekile ehlukana ngaphandle kokulawula futhi angahlasela izicubu eziseduze. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza angasakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngokusebenzisa igazi nezinhlelo ze-lymph. Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko zomdlavuza. I-Carcinoma umdlavuza oqala esikhumbeni noma ezicutshini ezilayini noma ezivala izitho zangaphakathi. I-Sarcoma i umdlavuza oqala emathanjeni, uqwanga, amafutha, imisipha, imithambo yegazi, noma ezinye izicubu ezixhumeneyo noma ezisekelayo. I-leukemia ingumdlavuza oqala ezicutshini ezakha igazi, njengomnkantsha, futhi ubangela ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi amaningi angajwayelekile. Lymphoma kanye i-myeloma eminingi umdlavuza oqala emangqamuzaneni amasosha omzimba. Umdlavuza wesimiso sezinzwa umdlavuza oqala ezicutshini zobuchopho nomgogodla. Futhi kuthiwa yi-malignancy. "

Ukuhlukaniswa komdlavuza, ukukhula kanye ne-metastasis

Izigidigidi zamaseli enziwe ngawo anda futhi ahlukaniseke emzimbeni onempilo, njengoba umzimba uwadinga ukuze asebenze nsuku zonke. Ngendlela enqunywa uhlobo lwengqamuzana, amangqamuzana anempilo anomjikelezo othile wokuphila, akhiqiza futhi ayafa. Lapho efa, amangqamuzana amasha athatha indawo yamaseli amadala noma awonakele. Lo mshini uthintwa umdlavuza futhi unomthelela ekukhuleni ngokweqile kwamaseli. Kubangelwa ukuguqulwa noma ukuguqulwa kwe-DNA.

Ezakhini zofuzo zawo wonke amangqamuzana, kukhona i-DNA. Inemiyalo etshela iseli ukuthi lenze nini imisebenzi kanye nendlela yokukhulisa nokuphuka. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka kaningi ku-DNA, kodwa lawa maphutha ngokuvamile axazululwa amaseli. Iseli lingase libe nomdlavuza lapho iphutha lingalungiswa.

Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungavumela amangqamuzana adinga ukushintshwa ukuze aphile esikhundleni sokufa, futhi lapho kungadingeki, amaseli amasha angakheka. Lawa maseli engeziwe azophuka ngokungalawuleki, abangele ukwakheka kwezimila. Kuya ngokuthi zikhula kuphi emzimbeni, izimila zingadala izinkinga eziningi zempilo.

Kodwa akuwona wonke amathumba anomdlavuza. Ama-Benign tumors awanawo umdlavuza futhi awasabaleli ezicutshini eziseduze. Imvamisa lapho becindezela izitho nezicubu ezingomakhelwane, zingakhula zibe zinkulu futhi zidale izinkinga. Izimila eziyingozi zinomdlavuza futhi ziyakwazi ukungena kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Amanye amangqamuzana omdlavuza angase asakaze ezindaweni ezikude zomzimba ngokusebenzisa igazi noma uhlelo lwe-lymphatic. Lezi zinhlobo zomdlavuza zibizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza we-metastatic. Kucatshangwa ukuthi imidlavuza eye yametastasized isithuthuke kakhulu kunaleyo engakaze ibe khona. Umdlavuza we-Metastatic uvame ukuba nzima futhi ubulale ukwelapha.

Izinhlobo zomdlavuza

Izifo zomdlavuza, nakuba zisabalele kwezinye izindawo zomzimba, zibizwa ngesifunda lapho ziqala khona kanye nohlobo lwamangqamuzana enziwa ngalo. A umdlavuza eqala emaphashini bese idlulela esibindini, isibonelo, ibizwa nangokuthi umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kwezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezijwayelekile, kukhona namagama omtholampilo asetshenziswayo:

• I-Carcinoma umdlavuza oqala esikhunjeni noma ezicutshini ezixhumene nezinye izitho. Isibonelo: umdlavuza wendlala, umdlavuza webele, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, nomdlavuza wesikhumba.
• I-Sarcoma ingumdlavuza wezicubu ezixhumeneyo ezifana namathambo, imisipha, uqwanga, nemithambo yegazi. Isib: umdlavuza wamathambo njll.
• I-leukemia ingumdlavuza womnkantsha, odala amangqamuzana egazi. Izinhlobo ezi-4 eziyinhloko ze-leukemia yi-acute lymphocytic leukemia, i-lymphocytic leukemia engapheli, i-acute myeloid leukemia, kanye ne-myeloid leukemia engapheli.
• I-Lymphoma kanye ne-myeloma yizomdlavuza wesistimu yomzimba. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-lymphomas: i-Hodgkin lymphoma kanye i-non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Umdlavuza usakazeka kanjani?

I-bloodstream noma i-lymphatic system ingathwala amangqamuzana omdlavuza kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba njengomdlavuza isisu iyakhula. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza ayakhula futhi angaphenduka abe izimila ezintsha phakathi nale nqubo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-metastasis.

Ama-lymph nodes angenye yezindawo zokuqala lapho umdlavuza uvame ukusabalala khona. Izitho ezincane ezimise okwebhontshisi ezisiza ukulwa nokutheleleka ngama-lymph nodes. Atholakala kumaqoqo, njengekhola, indawo ye-groin, nangaphansi kwezingalo, ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.

Umdlavuza ungasakazekela ezingxenyeni ezikude zomzimba ngohlelo lwegazi futhi. Amathambo, isibindi, amaphaphu, noma ubuchopho kungase kuhlanganise lezi zingxenye. Futhi uma umdlavuza ubhebhetheka, indawo oqale kuyo isabizwa ngegama lawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ibizwa ngokuthi i-metastatic umdlavuza webele, hhayi umdlavuza wamaphaphu, uma umdlavuza webele usakazekela emaphashini.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zomdlavuza

Kuye ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba ethintekayo, izimpawu nezimpawu ezibangelwa umdlavuza zingahluka. Ezinye izimpawu ezijwayelekile kanye nezimpawu ezihlobene nomdlavuza, kodwa ezingahlukile kuwo, zifaka:

• Ukukhathala
• Isigaxa noma indawo yokuqina engazwakala ngaphansi kwesikhumba
• Ukushintsha kwesisindo, okuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa okungahlosiwe noma ukuzuza
• Ukushintsha kwesikhumba, njengokuphuzi, ukufiphala noma ukubabomvu kwesikhumba, izilonda ezingeke saphola, noma izinguquko kuma-moles akhona
• Izinguquko emikhubeni yamathumbu noma esinyeni
• Ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo noma inkinga yokuphefumula
• Kunzima ukugwinya
• Ukuthuthumela
• Ukungagayeki ukudla okuqhubekayo noma ukungakhululeki ngemva kokudla
• Ubuhlungu obuqhubekayo, obungachazeki noma obuhlangene
• Imfiva ephikelelayo, engachazeki noma ukujuluka ebusuku
• Ukopha noma imihuzuko engachazeki

Amaseli omdlavuza ahluke kanjani kumaseli avamile?

Amaseli avamile, ama-molecule kanye nemithambo yegazi ezungeze futhi ephakela isimila, isifunda esaziwa ngokuthi i-microenvironment, ingase ikwazi ukuthikameza amaseli omdlavuza. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza, isibonelo, angase abangele amangqamuzana avamile aseduze ukuba akhe imithambo yegazi enikeza umoya-mpilo kanye nezakhamzimba kumathumba adinga ukuthuthuka. Le mithambo yegazi iphinde ikhiphe udoti ophuma ngesimila.

Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza agweme amasosha omzimba, inethiwekhi yezitho, izicubu, namaseli akhethekile avikela umzimba ezifweni nezinye izimo. Nakuba amangqamuzana alimele noma angasebenzi ngokuvamile ekhishwa emzimbeni ngamasosha omzimba, amanye amangqamuzana omdlavuza akwazi “ukucasha” amasosha omzimba.

Ukuze uhlale uphila futhi uthuthuke, izimila zingasebenzisa namasosha omzimba. Isibonelo, amangqamuzana omdlavuza empeleni angagcina amasosha omzimba angabhubhisi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngosizo lwamangqamuzana athile amasosha omzimba avame ukuvimbela ukuphendula kwamasosha omzimba okubalekile.

Umdlavuza uvela kanjani?

Umdlavuza yisifo sofuzo esibangelwa ukuguqulwa kofuzo okulawula indlela amangqamuzana ethu asebenza ngayo, ikakhulukazi indlela akhula futhi ahlukana ngayo.

Kusukela kokhokho bethu, ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okubangela umdlavuza kungazuzwa njengefa. Ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu, zingase futhi zivele ngenxa yamaphutha enzeke lapho amangqamuzana ehlukana noma ngenxa yokulimala kwe-DNA okubangelwa ukuchayeka okuthile kwemvelo. Izinto ezinjengezinto ezingcolisa intuthu kagwayi, nemisebe enjengemisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni inikeza ukuchayeka kwemvelo okubangela umdlavuza. Umdlavuza womuntu ngamunye unenhlanganisela ehlukile yezinguquko zofuzo.

Izinguquko ezengeziwe zizokwenzeka njengoba umdlavuza uqhubeka nokukhula. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngokuvamile anezinguquko eziningi zofuzo kunamangqamuzana avamile, njengokuguqulwa kwe-DNA.

Noma yikuphi kwalokhu kuguqulwa kungase kungabi nandaba kangako nesifo; zingase zibe umphumela wesifo, kunokuba imbangela yaso.

Uma umdlavuza ubhebhetheka?

Umdlavuza osusabalele kwenye indawo emzimbeni usuka lapho uqale khona ubizwa ngokuthi i-metastatic cancer. I-Metastasis ibizwa ngokuthi indlela amangqamuzana omdlavuza athuthela ngayo kwezinye izindawo zomzimba.

Umdlavuza we-Metastatic unegama elifanayo nelokuqala, noma umdlavuza oyinhloko kanye nohlobo olufanayo lwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Isibonelo, umdlavuza webele we-metastatic, hhayi umdlavuza wamaphaphu, umdlavuza webele osakazekela futhi wakhe isimila esisakhula emaphashini.

Amaseli omdlavuza we-Metastatic ngokuvamile avela afana namaseli omdlavuza wangempela ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana omdlavuza we-metastatic kanye namangqamuzana omdlavuza wangempela ngokuvamile anezici ezithile zamangqamuzana afanayo, njengokuba khona kwezinguquko eziyingqayizivele kuma-chromosome.

Ukwelashwa kungasiza ekweluleni izimpilo zabanye abantu abanomdlavuza one-metastatic. Ngokuvamile, nokho inhloso eyinhloko yokwelashwa komdlavuza we-metastatic ukuqapha ukuthuthukiswa noma ukunciphisa izimpawu ezibangelwa umdlavuza. Umdlavuza we-Metastatic ungenza umonakalo omkhulu endleleni umzimba osebenza ngayo, futhi isifo se-metastatic sibangela ukuthi iningi labantu ababulawa umdlavuza bafe.

Ukwelashwa umdlavuza

Kube nentuthuko enkulu ekwelashweni komdlavuza futhi uma umdlavuza utholakala kusenesikhathi ungelapheka ngokugcwele. Okubalulwe ngezansi ezinye zezindlela zokwelapha ezilandelwa emhlabeni wonke:

• Ukuhlinzwa
• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
• Ukwelashwa kwamafutha
• immunotherapy
• Ukwelapha okuhlosiwe
• Ukwelashwa kwe-Proton
• Ukwelashwa kwe-CAR T Cell

Ziningi ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ngaphansi kokuhlolwa komtholampilo kanye nesigaba sokuthuthuka njengamanje njengokwelashwa kwe-T Cell, i-NK cell therapy njll.