Umdlavuza we-bone

Uyini umdlavuza wamathambo?

Kubantu abadala, umdlavuza wamathambo awuvamile kakhulu. Emangqamuzaneni akha ithambo, kuyaqala. Umdlavuza uqala lapho amaseli eqala ukukhula engalawuleki. Amaseli angaba umdlavuza cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye ze- umzimba, futhi ingasakazekela kwezinye izindawo ze umzimba.

Izinhlobo zesimila samathambo

Izimila zamathambo ezingewona umdlavuza

Izimila eziningi eziqala ethanjeni ziyingozi (hhayi umdlavuza). Ama-Benign tumors awavamile ukusongela ukuphila futhi awasakazeki kwezinye izicubu nezitho zomzimba. Ngezinye izikhathi ngokwelashwa, bangase belapheke. I-Benign bone tumors ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• I-osteoma ye-osteoid
• I-Osteoblastoma
• I-Osteochondrosis
• I-Enchondroma
• I-Chondromyxoid fibroma.

Ama-metastases amathambo

Uma umuntu onomdlavuza etshelwa isikhathi esiningi ukuthi unomdlavuza emathanjeni, udokotela ukhathazeka ngomdlavuza osusabalele usuka kwenye indawo uze ufike emathanjeni akhe. Umdlavuza we-Metastatic ubizwa kanjalo. Izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zomdlavuza osekhulile, njengomdlavuza webele, umdlavuza wendlala, kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kungawubangela. Uma ebhekwa ngesibonakhulu, amangqamuzana omdlavuza ethanjeni abonakala efana nezicubu aphuma kuzo.

Ngakho-ke amangqamuzana omdlavuza ethanjeni abukeka futhi aziphathe ngendlela umphunga amaseli omdlavuza uma umuntu enomdlavuza wamaphaphu osudlulele ethanjeni. Futhi uma emathanjeni, awabukeki noma aziphathe njengamaseli omdlavuza wamathambo. Kudingeka belashwe ngemithi esetshenziselwa yona umdlavuza wamaphaphu ngoba lamangqamuzana omdlavuza nawo aziphatha njengamaseli omdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Umdlavuza wegazi

Emangqamuzaneni akha igazi omnkantsha, ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umdlavuza wamathambo” ziqala, hhayi ethanjeni ngokwalo.

Umdlavuza ovame kakhulu oqala futhi ubangele izimila zamathambo emnkantsheni ubizwa ngokuthi i-myeloma eminingi. I-leukemia ngomunye umdlavuza oqala emnkantsheni. Ama-lymphomas, aqala kaningi kuma-lymph nodes, angaqala emnkantsheni ngezinye izikhathi. Abazisho lezi umdlavuza wegazi lapha.

Umdlavuza wamathambo

Ethanjeni ngokwalo, izimila zamathambo zangempela (noma eziyinhloko) ziqala futhi zibizwa scomcom. Kunezimila eziyingozi, okukhombisa ukuthi ziwumdlavuza.

Emathanjeni, emisipha, emathanjeni, emithanjeni yegazi, emafutheni, nakwezinye izicubu, ama-sarcomas aqala. Nomaphi emzimbeni, zingakhula. Ngezansi, zivaliwe.

Izimila zamathambo ezimbi

Umdlavuza wamathambo oyisisekelo ukhona ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Aqanjwa ngesisekelo sesigaba esithelelekile sethambo noma izicubu ezizungezile kanye nohlobo lwamaseli abumba isisu. Ezinye azijwayelekile kakhulu.

I-osteosarcoma

Okuyinhloko okuvame kakhulu umdlavuza wamathambo osteosarcoma (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-osteogenic sarcoma). Emangqamuzaneni amathambo, kuyaqala. Kuvamise ukwenzeka kubantu abasha abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 nengama-30, kodwa kubantu abaneminyaka yobudala engama-60 kuya kwengama-70, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi ezimo ze-osteosarcoma ziyakhula. Kubantu abadala abaneminyaka ephakathi, ayivamile, futhi ivame kakhulu kwabesilisa kunabesifazane. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimila zivela emathanjeni ezingalo, emilenzeni, noma okhalweni. I-Osteosarcoma ibhekisela kulolu hlobo lomdlavuza wamathambo.

I-Chondrosarcoma

Emangqamuzaneni oqwanga, i-chondrosarcoma iqala. Iwumdlavuza wesibili ovame kakhulu wethambo. Akuvamile kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amabili. Ingozi ye-chondrosarcoma iphakama ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 kuze kube yilapho ineminyaka engama-75. Abesifazane, njengamadoda, bathola lo mdlavuza.

I-Chondrosarcoma ingaqala noma yikuphi uqwanga olukhona. Emathanjeni anjenge-pelvis, imilenze, noma izingalo, iningi liyakhula. I-Chondrosarcoma ivame ukuqala ku-trachea, larynx, noma odongeni lwesifuba. I-scapula (i-shoulder blade), izimbambo, noma ugebhezi ezinye izindawo.

Ku-cartilage, izimila ezinobungozi (hhayi umdlavuza) zivame kakhulu kuneziyingozi. Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-enchondromas. I-projection yamathambo eboshwe uqwanga olubizwa ngokuthi i-osteochondroma, olunye uhlobo lwesimila soqwanga oluyingozi. Lezi zimila eziyingozi azivamile ukukhula zibe umdlavuza. Kunengozi enkulu kakhulu yokuba nomdlavuza kubantu abanedlanzana lalezi zimila, kodwa lokhu akuvamile.

I-Chondrosarcoma ahlelwa ngokwebanga, elikala ukuthi akhula ngokushesha kangakanani. Udokotela wezifo unika leli banga (udokotela oqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlola nokuxilonga amasampula ezicubu ngesibonakhulu). Uma izinga liphansi, umdlavuza ungasakazeka kancane kancane. Ingozi yokuthi izobhebhetheka incane lapho umdlavuza ukhula kancane, ngakho umbono ungcono. Iningi lama-chondrosarcoma lingaba yibanga eliphansi noma eliphakathi nebanga I) (ibanga II). Okungathandwa kakhulu yi-chondrosarcoma yezinga eliphezulu le-grade III), okungenzeka ukuthi isakazeke kakhulu.

Kunezici ezihlukile ze-chondrosarcomas ezithile ezingabonwa ngesibonakhulu. Lezi subtypes ze-chondrosarcoma nazo zine-prognosis ehlukile (umbono):

• Ama-chondrosarcoma ahlukahlukene iqala njenge-chondrosarcoma evamile, kodwa izingxenye ezithile zesimila ziba amangqamuzana, njengamaseli e-sarcoma esezingeni eliphezulu (njengezinhlobo zebanga eliphezulu i-fibrous histiocytoma eyingozii-osteosarcoma, noma i-fibrosarcoma). Ezigulini ezindala, lolu hlobo lwe-chondrosarcoma luvame ukukhula futhi luzokhula ngokushesha kune-chondrosarcoma evamile.
•  Sula amaseli Chondrosarcoma azijwayelekile futhi zikhula kancane. Ngaphandle kwalapho sezibuyile izikhathi eziningi endaweni yokuqala, azivamile ukusabalala ziye kwezinye izindawo zomzimba.
• I-Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma zingakhula ngokushesha kodwa zibe sengozini yokwelashwa ngemisebe kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

I-sarcoma

Owesithathu ovame kakhulu umdlavuza wamathambo oyinhloko I-sarcoma, kanye nesesibili esivame kakhulu entsheni, intsha kanye nabantu abadala. Akuvamile kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-30. Lo mdlavuza uqanjwe ngoDkt. James Ewing, owawubona okokuqala ngo-1921. Emathanjeni, amathumba amaningi e-Ewing ayakha, kodwa angase aqale kwezinye izicubu nezitho zomzimba. I-pelvis, udonga lwesifuba (njengezimbambo noma izinsimbi zamahlombe), namathambo amade emilenze noma izingalo yizindawo ezivame kakhulu zalesi sifo. Kubantu abamhlophe, izimila ze-Ewing zenzeka kaningi futhi ziyivelakancane kakhulu kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nabase-Asia baseMelika.

I-Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Ezicubu ezithambile (izicubu ezixhumeneyo ezifana nemigqa, imisipha, amafutha kanye nemisipha), i-malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) ngokuvamile iqala; kuyivelakancane emathanjeni. Lo mdlavuza, ikakhulukazi uma uqala ezicutshini ezithambile, waziwa nangokuthi i-pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma. Uma i-MFH ivela emathanjeni, imilenze (imvamisa emadolweni) noma izingalo ngokuvamile iyathinteka. Kubantu asebekhulile nabaneminyaka ephakathi, lo mdlavuza uvame ukuba khona. Ezinganeni, akuvamile. I-MFH ibonakala ngokuyinhloko inweba endaweni, kodwa njengamaphaphu, ingasakazekela ezindaweni ezikude.

I-Fibrosarcoma

Lolu olunye uhlobo lomdlavuza ezicutshini ezithambile ezenzeka kaningi kunasemathanjeni. Kubantu abadala asebekhulile naphakathi, i-fibrosarcoma ngokuvamile ivela. Ngokuvamile, amathambo emilenzeni, ezingalweni nasemihlathini ayathinteka.

Isigaxa esikhulu samathambo

Ine-benign (hhayi umdlavuza) kanye nezinhlobo eziyingozi zalolu hlobo lwesimila esiyinhloko samathambo. Okudume kakhulu uhlobo oluhle. Ngokuvamile, izimila zamangqamuzana amakhulu zithinta imilenze yabantu abadala abancane naphakathi (imvamisa eduze kwamadolo) noma izingalo. Azisabalali njalo ziye ezindaweni ezikude, kodwa zincamela ukubuyela lapho ziqale khona ngemva kokuhlinzwa. (Ukuphindaphinda kwendawo kubizwa ngokuthi lokhu.) Lokhu kungenzeka izikhathi eziningana. Isimila siba maningi amathuba okuthi sisakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngokuphindaphinda ngakunye. Isimila esiyingozi seseli enkulukazi asivamile ukusabalala siye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngaphandle kokuvela kabusha endaweni.

I-Chordoma

Lesi simila esiyinhloko sethambo ngokuvamile senzeka phansi kogebhezi namathambo. Kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-30, kwenzeka kaningi. Kwabesilisa, kuvamile ngokuphindwe kabili kunakwabesifazane. I-Chordomas ivame ukukhula kancane futhi ayisakazeki kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngezinye izikhathi. Uma zingasuswa ngokuphelele, zivame ukubuyela endaweni efanayo. Izindawo ezivame kakhulu zokusatshalaliswa kwesimila ama-lymph nodes, amaphaphu, nesibindi.

Eminye imidlavuza ekhula emathanjeni

Eminye imidlavuza ingatholakala emathanjeni, kodwa emangqamuzaneni ethambo ngalinye, awaqali. Njengomdlavuza wamathambo oyinhloko, awalashwa.

I-Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Ngokuvamile, kuma-lymph nodes, i-non-Hodgkin lymphoma kwenzeka kodwa futhi iqala ethanjeni. I-primary bone non-Hodgkin lymphoma nayo iyisifo esisabalele ngoba ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amathambo amaningi. Umbono usondele kulowo we-subtype efanayo kanye nesiteji samanye ama-non-Hodgkin lymphomas. I-Primary bone lymphoma iphathwa ngendlela efanayo ne-lymphomas eqala kuma-lymph nodes, futhi ayiphathwa njenge-primary bone sarcoma. Bheka i-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.

I-myelomas eminingi

I-Myeloma eminingi ihlale yenzeka emathanjeni, kodwa njengoba iqala kumaseli e-plasma omnkantsha, akuwona umdlavuza wamathambo oyinhloko (ingxenye engaphakathi ethambile yamanye amathambo). Nakuba ibangela ukulahlekelwa amathambo, i-leukemia ayisewona umdlavuza wethambo. Kubhekwa njengokuphazamiseka okusakazekile. I-Myeloma ngokuvamile ingatholakala njengethumba elilodwa elibizwa ngokuthi i-plasmacytoma) ethanjeni elilodwa, kodwa lisakazekela kumnkantsha wamanye amathambo isikhathi esiningi.

Ukwelapha Umdlavuza Wamathambo

Ukwelashwa kuncike kokuthi:

• isigaba somdlavuza
• iminyaka yakho
• impilo yakho iyonke
• ubukhulu kanye nendawo yesimila

Imithi

Imithi elapha umdlavuza wamathambo ihlanganisa:

• Imithi ye-chemotherapy ye-myeloma eminingi
• imishanguzo yezinhlungu ukukhulula ukuvuvukala nokungakhululeki
• ama-bisphosphonates ukusiza ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwamathambo nokuvikela isakhiwo samathambo
• izidakamizwa ze-cytotoxic ukuvimbela noma ukumisa ukukhula kwamangqamuzana anomdlavuza

I-Radiation Therapy

Ukuze ucekele phansi amangqamuzana omdlavuza, udokotela wakho angakuyalela ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ukuhlinzwa

Amathumba noma izicubu ezithintekile zingasuswa ngokuhlinzwa udokotela wakho. Ukuhlinzwa ukususa nokulungisa ithambo elibuthakathaka kuwukukhetha ukugwema umdlavuza osakazeka ngokushesha. Ukunqunywa kungase kudingeke ngokulimala okukhulu kwamathambo ezingalweni noma emilenzeni.

Okunye Ukwelapha

Udokotela wakho angengeza ohlelweni lwakho lokunakekela ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezihlanganisa ukwelapha ngamakhambi. Nokho, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokucatshangelwa okufanele, njengoba ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nemisebe kungaphazamisa ezinye izindlela zokwelapha.

I-Chemotherapy yomdlavuza wamathambo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokwelapha umdlavuza yi-chemotherapy (chemo). I-Chemo iyi-systemic therapy. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithi ingena egazini futhi isakazeke kuwo wonke umzimba ukuze ingene futhi ibulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Nge-Ewing sarcoma ne-osteosarcoma, i-chemo nayo iyingxenye yokwelashwa.

Kwamanye ama-cancer amathambo, njengama-giant cell tumors, ama-chordomas, nama-chondrosarcomas, akuvamile ukusetshenziswa. Abawemukeli kakhulu i-chemo kulawa mafomu, ngakho-ke ayisebenzi kahle. Ngohlobo oluthile lwe-chondrosarcoma olubizwa ngokuthi i-mesenchymal kanye ne-high-grade dedifferentiated chordomas, kungase kube usizo. Kwezinye izimila zamangqamuzana amakhulu, ingasetshenziswa kanye nokwelashwa okuhlosiwe.

I-Chemo ivame ukusetshenziselwa umdlavuza wethambo osusabalele emaphashini kanye/noma kwezinye izitho ngohlelo lwegazi.

Izidakamizwa ze-chemo ezivame ukusetshenziswa

Imithi esetshenziswa kakhulu ukwelapha umdlavuza wamathambo ihlanganisa:

• I-Doxorubicin (i-Adriamycin^®)
• Cisplatin
• I-Etoposide (VP-16)
• I-Ifosfamide (Ifex^®)
• I-Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan^®)
• I-Methotrexate
• I-Vincristine (Oncovin^®)

Ezimweni eziningi, izidakamizwa eziningana (2 noma 3) zinikezwa ndawonye.

Imiphumela emibi ye-chemotherapy

I-Chemo ibhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza, kodwa amaseli athile avamile nawo alinyazwa yiyo. Ngesikhathi sokululama, uzobhekwa eduze futhi ithimba lakho lizofuna ukugwema noma ukukhawulela imiphumela emibi. Imiphumela emibi ye-chemo incike ohlotsheni lokwelashwa olusetshenziswe imithamo esetshenzisiwe kanye nenani lesikhathi esithathiwe.

Eminye imiphumela emibi evamile yesikhashana ihlanganisa:

• I-nausea nokuhlanza
• Ukulahlekelwa kwesifiso
• Ukulahlekelwa izinwele
• Izilonda zomlomo

Ukuze belashwe, kubalulekile ukutshela ithimba lokunakekelwa komdlavuza nganoma yimiphi imiphumela emibi onayo.

Amangqamuzana akhiqiza igazi emnkantsheni angase alinyazwe yi-chemotherapy, ngakho ungaba nezibalo eziphansi zamangqamuzana egazi. Izibalo eziphansi zamaseli egazi zizoholela kulokhu:

• Amathuba akhulayo okutheleleka (amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe ambalwa kakhulu)
• Ukopha kalula noma imihuzuko ngemva kokusikeka okuncane noma ukulimala (ama-platelet ambalwa kakhulu)
• Ukukhathala noma ukuphelelwa umoya (amangqamuzana egazi abomvu ambalwa kakhulu)

Udokotela wakho uzo-oda ukuhlolwa ngelebhu lapho une-chemo ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi izibalo zakho zamangqamuzana egazi zisezingeni elinempilo.

Eminye imiphumela emibi ihlobene nemithi ethile. Ngokwesibonelo:

• I-Ifosfamide futhi i-cyclophosphamide ingalimaza ulwelwesi lwesinye futhi ibangele nomchamo onegazi. Lokhu kubizwa i-cystitis ye-hemorrhagic. Kungavinjelwa ngokunikeza umuthi okuthiwa i-mesna kanye ne-chemo.
• Cisplatin ingase ibangele ukulimala kwezinzwa (okubizwa ngokuthi i-peripheral neuropathy) okuholela ezinkingeni zokuba ndikindiki, ukuntweza, ngisho nobuhlungu ezandleni nasezinyaweni. Ukulimala kwezinso (okuthiwa i-nephropathy) kungenzeka futhi ngemuva kokwelashwa nge-cisplatin. Ukunikeza uketshezi oluningi ngaphambi nangemva kokuba umuthi usufakwe kungasiza ukuvimbela lokhu. I-Cisplatin ngezinye izikhathi ingabangela izinkinga ngokuzwa (okubizwa ngokuthi i-ototoxicity). Ngokuvamile iziguli ezinale nkinga ziqaphela ukuthi zinenkinga yokuzwa imisindo ephezulu. Udokotela wakho angase akucele ukuthi uthole ukuhlolwa kokuzwa (okubizwa ngokuthi i-audiogram) ngaphambi kokunikeza i-cisplatin.
• Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-doxorubicin ingalimaza inhliziyo. Ingozi yalokhu ikhuphuka njengoba inani eliphelele lomuthi onikeziwe likhuphuka. Ngaphambi kokunikeza i-doxorubicin, udokotela wakho angase ahlole ukusebenza kwenhliziyo yakho ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi kuphephile ukukunikeza lo muthi.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imiphumela emibi eminingi emibi ayijwayelekile, kodwa iyenzeka. Khuluma nethimba lakho lokunakekela umdlavuza ukuze wazi ukuthi yini ongayilindela kukhemo oyitholayo.

Odokotela nabahlengikazi bazoyiqapha ngokucophelela imiphumela emibi. Ngemiphumela emibi eminingi, kunemithi, kodwa kuyadingeka ukuyigwema. Ngemva kokuphela kokunakekelwa, imiphumela emibi eminingi, uma kungeyona yonke, ingaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ungangabazi ukuphendula noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka mayelana nemiphumela engemihle ethimbeni lakho lokunakekela umdlavuza.

Ukuhlinzwa Umdlavuza Wamathambo

Ukuhlinzwa kuvame ukuba yindlela yokwelapha eyinhloko yomdlavuza wamathambo. Lapho sihlinzelwa ukususa izimila zamathambo, odokotela bethu abahlinzayo basusa ithambo nemisipha ezungezile ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi baqeda izicubu ezinomdlavuza ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma umdlavuza usengalweni noma emlenzeni, sizama ukulondoloza isitho nokugcina ukusebenza kwawo. Ezimweni eziningi zokuhlinzwa umdlavuza wamathambo, siyakwazi ukwenza kanjalo.

Ngezinye izikhathi singashintsha ithambo elisusiwe ngethambo elisuka kwenye ingxenye yomzimba noma i-implant. Senze okushintshile okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi kusebenza kahle kunalezo ebezitholakala ngaphambilini.

Singasebenzisa i-chemotherapy noma imisebe, noma kokubili, njengengxenye yokwelashwa kwakho, kuhlanganiswe nokuhlinzwa. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe isimila ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukulawula nokulawula isimila ngemva kokuhlinzwa.

Ukulondoloza izitho kumdlavuza wamathambo

Nakuba noma yikuphi ukuxilongwa komdlavuza kungase kwesabe, ukuxilongwa komdlavuza wamathambo ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokukhathazeka okwengeziwe ngokulahlekelwa ingalo noma umlenze. Kwezinye izimo, isitho singasindiswa ngisho nalapho ithambo lidinga ukususwa. Odokotela bangakwazi nokwenza kabusha amalunga asebenzayo, njengamadolo, ukuze izitho zakho zisazoguquguquka ngokwemvelo.

Uma kudingeka ukunqunywa isitho, odokotela bethu abahlinzayo banekhono lokuhlinza ngendlela ezokuvumela ukuba ube nempilo engcono kakhulu. Kuyohlala kunenkathi yokulungisa - kokubili ngokomzwelo nangokwenyama - ekulahlekelweni kwesitho. Kodwa izindlela ezintsha zokuhlinza nezitho zokwenziwa ezithuthukisiwe zenze lokhu kulungiswa kwaba lula. Imvamisa uzokwazi ukuqala kabusha impilo esebenzayo - ngisho neyokusubatha - ngemuva kokulahlekelwa isitho noma ingxenye yesitho ngenxa yomdlavuza wamathambo.

Ama-prostheses kumdlavuza wamathambo

Izinguquko eziningi ezithweni zokwenziwa zenziwe odokotela bethu. Sidale ukumiselela okuqinile futhi okusebenzisekayo kunokumiselela okuvamile; baye babamba iqhaza ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo ukuze bahlole imishini yokushintsha izitho ezingahlala isikhathi eside kunezitho zokwenziwa ezivamile; futhi ziye zaholela ucwaningo ekwenzeni izitho zokufakelwa ezihlala isikhathi eside, njenge-compress implant, eqinisekisa ukuthi ithambo lethanga lithathelwa indawo idolo. Ezinsaneni, sisebenzisa izitho zokufakelwa ezinwebekayo eziklanywe ngokukhethekile “ezikhula” njengoba ingane ikhula.

I-Cryosurgery kumdlavuza wamathambo

Ngaphezu kokuhlinzwa kweziguli ezithile ezinomdlavuza wamathambo, i-cryosurgery (ukuqandisa nokubulawa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza) nayo iyasetshenziswa. Sisebenzisa i-nitrogen ewuketshezi ukuze simise imbobo yesimila kumazinga angaphansi kukaziro ngemva kokukhishwa kwesimila sethambo. Lokhu kubhubhisa amaseli esimila esincanyana futhi kunciphisa amathuba okuthi isimila siphinde sivele (sibuye). Ithambo eliqandisiwe liyalondolozwa ukuze kugwenywe ukuphuka ngokuvala imbobo yesimila ngokuxhunyelelwa kwethambo, usimende, noma izinduku nezikulufu.

Abokuqala abasebenzisa i-cryosurgery ezimila zamathambo kwaba odokotela bethu abahlinzayo. Ukunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kwesimila, ukugcina ukusebenza kwesitho namalunga aso, futhi kuncishiswe isidingo sokunqunywa, baye bafeza ukusetshenziswa kwabo.