Izehlakalo zomdlavuza, izibalo, kanye nezilinganiso zango-2024: Imiphumela evela ku-National Cancer Registry Programme
Amazinga okugula komdlavuza akhula ngesivinini esishaqisayo e-India, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi akhule ngo-12% eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda okuningiliziwe ngezinga lamanje lenkinga yomdlavuza kubalulekile ekwakheni isu lokuhlaziya nokulawula umthelela womdlavuza. umdlavuza ezweni lonke.
Izibalo zakamuva zomdlavuza ziwusizo ekuhleleni, ekuqapheni, nasekuhloleni izenzo zokulawula umdlavuza. Le ndatshana izohlinzeka ngesibuyekezo ngezilinganiso zezigameko zomdlavuza eNdiya ngobulili, iqembu lobudala, kanye nesizinda se-anatomical sonyaka ka-2022.
Idatha ye-ICMR-NRCP
Ngokombiko weNational Cancer Registry Programme (ICMR-NCRP), iNational Cancer Registry Programme (ICMR-NCRP), kulindeleke ukuthi isibalo samacala omdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho sidlule ku-3.4 lakh ngo-2023, uhulumeni utshele iPhalamende ngoLwesihlanu.
Mansukh Mandaviya, Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare, told the Lok Sabha on February 9, 2024, that the estimated cancer prevalence in India is growing. He was referring to the Indian Council of Medical Research’s Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokubhalisa Umdlavuza.
Isibalo esilinganisiwe samacala omdlavuza eNdiya ngo-2023 singu-1,496,972, sisuka ku-1,461,427 ngo-2022, ngokusho komnyango.
In response to a question in the Lok Sabha, SP Singh Baghel, Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, estimated that the number of cases of umdlavuza wesisu would rise to 54,023 in 2023 from 52,706 in 2022.
Uphinde waphawula ukuthi umdlavuza webele uwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomdlavuza emhlabeni wonke, ngezinga lokufa elilindelwe lika-665,255 ngo-2022. U-Baghel waphawula ukuthi i-India yayinenani eliphakeme kakhulu elibikezelwe lokufa komdlavuza webele (98,337) ngo-2022. Lok Sabha, uNgqongqoshe Wezempilo Wezwe, uSatya Pal Singh Baghel, uthe uMnyango Wezempilo Nezenhlalakahle Yesikhungo uhlinzeka ngosizo lwezobuchwepheshe nezezimali ezifundeni nasezifundeni zeNyunyana ngoHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuvimbela Nokulawula Izifo Ezingathathelwana (NP-NCD) njengoba ingxenye yeNational Health Mission (NHM).
Ungqongqoshe uthe lolu sizo luhlinzekwa ngokweziphakamiso ezilethwe yizifundazwe futhi lungaphansi kwemvilophu yezinsiza.
Idatha ye-WHO
Ngokwezibalo zakamuva zeWorld Health Organisation (WHO) mayelana nomthwalo walesi sifo emhlabeni wonke, i-India ibe nezigameko ezintsha zomdlavuza ezingaphezu kuka-14.1 lakh kanye nabangaphezu kuka-9.1 lakh ababulawa yilesi sifo ngo-2022, kanti umdlavuza webele yiwona odlange kakhulu. I-International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), inhlangano yomdlavuza we-WHO, ilinganisela ukuthi umdlavuza womlomo, umlomo, nowamaphaphu yiwo avame kakhulu emadodeni, okubalelwa ku-15.6 no-8.5% wamacala amasha, ngokulandelana, kuyilapho umdlavuza we- ibele kanye nomlomo wesibeletho kwakuyizona ezivame kakhulu kwabesifazane, okubalela cishe amaphesenti angama-27 kanye namaphesenti angu-18 amacala amasha, ngokulandelana.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe abantu abangama-32.6 lakh eNdiya babephila kungakapheli iminyaka emi-5 bethole ukuxilongwa komdlavuza.
Emhlabeni jikelele, le nhlangano ibilindele ukuthi kutholakale izifo ezintsha zomdlavuza ezi-2 crore kanye nokufa kwabantu abangama-97 lakh, nabantu ababalelwa ku-5.3 crore abaphila kungakapheli iminyaka emi-5 betholwe umdlavuza. Ngokombiko umuntu oyedwa kwabahlanu uba nomdlavuza ngesikhathi esithile empilweni yakhe, kanti oyedwa kwabesilisa abayisishiyagalolunye noyedwa kwabayishumi nambili babulawa wumdlavuza.
E-India, amathuba okuba nomdlavuza ungakafiki iminyaka engu-75 ahlolwe ukuthi angu-10.6%, kanti ingozi yokushona ngenxa yomdlavuza ngesikhathi esifanayo itholakale ingu-7.2%. Emhlabeni jikelele, lezi zingozi bezingama-20% kanye nama-9.6%, ngokulandelana.
Iningi lezizwe aliwuxhasi ngokufanelekile umdlavuza obalulekile kanye nezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwe-palliative (ezihlobene nobuhlungu) njengengxenye ye-universal health coverage (UHC), ngokusho kwe-WHO, eshicilele idatha yocwaningo evela emazweni ayi-115.
Izibalo Zomdlavuza Webele eNdiya
Umdlavuza wamabele uwumdlavuza ovame kakhulu kwabesifazane, ubalelwa ku-14% wazo zonke izifo ezimbi kwabesifazane baseNdiya. Ngokwemibiko, njalo ngemva kwemizuzu emine, owesifazane waseNdiya utholakala enomdlavuza webele. Umdlavuza wesibeletho amanani ayakhuphuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemadolobheni aseNdiya. Ngokocwaningo lwango-2018 ngezibalo zomdlavuza webele, kwabhalwa amacala amasha ayi-1,62,468, kwathi angama-87,090 afa.
Ukusinda komdlavuza kuba nzima kakhulu njengoba kuqhubeka, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye yabesifazane baseNdiya kutholakala ukuthi banomdlavuza webele wesigaba 3 noma 4. Ukusinda ngemuva komdlavuza kwabesifazane abanomdlavuza webele kwaqoshwa ku-60% eNdiya, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-80% e-United States.
Abesifazane bangakwazi ukuzihlolela isimo sabo futhi babone ukuthi kukhona izigaxa noma uquqaba olubonisa ukukhula okubi. Izinga eliphansi lokusinda komdlavuza webele phakathi kwabesifazane baseNdiya kungenxa yokuntula ulwazi kanye nokunganele kokuhlolwa kusenesikhathi namazinga okuxilonga.
Ngokocwaningo lwakamuva, iKerala inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lomdlavuza eNdiya. Ezinye izifundazwe zaseNdiya ezinamazinga aphezulu omdlavuza zifaka iMizoram, iHaryana, iDelhi, neKarnataka. UMizoram, uKerala, kanye noHaryana babenezinga eliphezulu lokufa komdlavuza esizweni.
Umdlavuza wamabele uwuhlobo lomdlavuza ovame kakhulu kwabesifazane baseNdiya, futhi abesifazane abasanda kweva eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kuya kwengamashumi amahlanu basengozini enkulu yokuba nawo, kanti ingozi yengozi ikhuphuka kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka yobudala engama-50 nengama-64. Oyedwa kwabesifazane baseNdiya abangamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili kungenzeka ukuthi abe nomdlavuza webele ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Iphakeme (1 kwabangu-22) kwabesifazane basemadolobheni kunabesifazane basemakhaya (1 kwabangama-60). Ngokwenhlolovo, umdlavuza wabalelwa ku-5% weminyaka yonke yokuphila eguquliwe yokukhubazeka (ama-DALY) eNdiya ngo-2016. Ukwelashwa kwe-palliative kuye kwasiza iziguli ukuba zinqobe ukukhubazeka kwazo okuhlobene nomdlavuza.
Akukho ukuphunyuka ekubhalweni okuhle: umdlavuza webele usuwuhlobo lomdlavuza ovame kakhulu ezweni, udlula umdlavuza wesibeletho. Umdlavuza webele ubalelwa ku-25% kuya ku-32% wabo bonke abantu besifazane abanomdlavuza ezindaweni ezifana ne-Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Bhopal, Kolkata, Chennai, kanye ne-Ahmedabad, okungaphezu kokukodwa kokune kwengqikithi.
Ivame kakhulu emaqenjini amancane. Cishe ingxenye yazo zonke izehlakalo zenzeka ebangeni leminyaka yobudala engama-25 kuye kwengama-50. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala angaphezu kuka-70% asesigabeni esithuthukile abe namazinga aphansi okusinda kanye nokufa okuphawulekayo.
Amazinga okusinda komdlavuza wamabele e-India aphansi ngenxa yokutholwa sekwephuzile. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuguqula lezi zibalo ukuqwashisa abantu. Umdlavuza webele yisifo eselaphekayo, futhi ukusibona kusenesikhathi kwandisa amathuba okusinda. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwenza lokho ukuqonda ukuthi ungayibona kanjani futhi wenze ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi.
Lokhu kuhilela ukuphila impilo enempilo kanye nokwazi umlando womndeni wezokwelapha, ngakho-ke uma wazi ukuthi uthambekele kukho ngokofuzo, ungathatha imithi yokuvimbela noma uhlinzwe ukuvimbela. Isu elilula kakhulu lokugwema umdlavuza webele ukukwazi ukuzihlola wena webele. Abesifazane kufanele bakwenze lokhu njalo, ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
Umthwalo womdlavuza eNdiya
Ukuhlolwa komthwalo womdlavuza e-India kuveze ukwanda kokuxilongwa komdlavuza okuthuthukisiwe, ukuqoqwa kwedatha yomdlavuza, kanye noshintsho oluqhubekayo lwe-epidemiologic. Izigameko zomdlavuza ohlobene nogwayi, ohlobene nendlela yokuphila, nahlobene nokuguga sezikhulile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nolimi, umlomo, ikholoni, i-rectum, isibindi, umphunga, webele, i-corpus uteri, i-ovary, yegilo, wendlala, gallbladder, kwamanyikwe, izinso, isinye somchamo, Ubuchopho, NHL, Futhi i-lymphoid leukemia. Meanwhile, cancer incidence rates have decreased in the hypopharynx, oesophagus, stomach, and cervix. Alcohol consumption (30.1%) was the most significant risk factor for pharyngeal cancer-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Tobacco use and air pollution (43% each) were risk factors for umdlavuza wamaphaphu DALYs, while dietary variables (43.2%) were associated with colorectal cancer.
Emhlabeni jikelele, iqembu leminyaka yobudala engama-65+ lithatha ingxenye yomthwalo womdlavuza, kanti i-India yenza ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yomthwalo obikezelwe womdlavuza eNdiya iphakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-64. Umdlavuza wezingane uhlasela u-3% wabafana kanye no-1.8% wamantombazane aneminyaka engu-0 kuya ku-14 ubudala. Isibalo sabantu basezindaweni zasemakhaya eNdiya sibike izinga eliphansi lokuthola umdlavuza wezingane, okungase kudalwe ukubikwa kancane. Ucwaningo lwentsha kanye nabantu abadala abanomdlavuza lwathola ukwanda okukhulu kwezigameko phakathi kwabesilisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izigameko zomdlavuza kulindeleke ukuthi zikhuphuke zifinyelele ku-12.8% ngo-2025, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2020. Ngokwe-athikili yakamuva ye-NCRP, umthwalo womdlavuza eNdiya kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele kuma-DALY ayizigidi ezingu-29.8 ngo-2025.
Isiphetho
Ukufingqa, umthwalo wezigameko zomdlavuza eNdiya uyakhula. Umlomo wesibeletho, i-ovary, kanye ne-corpus uteri yizitho zangasese zabesifazane ezintathu eziba nomdlavuza kakhulu kwabesifazane. Kwabesilisa, izifo ezibangelwa ugwayi zazilinganiselwe ezindaweni ezintathu: amaphaphu, umlomo, nolimi. Isenzo sokuvimbela kufanele senziwe ukuze kwehliswe umthwalo wesikhathi esizayo womdlavuza. Izilinganiso ezibuyekeziwe ziwusizo ezinhlelweni zokuvimbela nokulawula umdlavuza e-India ezibandakanya ukuhlonzwa kusenesikhathi, ukunciphisa ubungozi, nokuphathwa. Ucwaningo olufanele, nokho, luyadingeka ukuze ujule ngezimbangela zomthwalo womdlavuza futhi unikeze ukwelashwa okungabizi kakhulu.
